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Mitochondria and Chloroplasts are generally accepted as once being prokaryotes that moved into eukaryotes and formed an endosymbiotic relationship. However, the person who first suggested this theory also suggested that the eukaryotic flagella was once a highly motile bacteria as well, that has lost all of its genes to the nucleus instead of only some, as in mitochondria and chloroplasts. This is not widely accepted though.
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Are organelles only found in eukaryotic cells?
Yes. Prokaryotes are much too small to carry chloroplasts. It is theorized that chloroplasts were once prokaryotes that started a symbiotic relations with early eukaryotic cells, which explains why chloroplasts and mitochondria are found in the eukaryotic cell.
Which observation supports the position of eukaryotes at the convergence of the ring of life?
The presence of shared genes and biochemical pathways among eukaryotes, archaea, and bacteria supports the idea of eukaryotes at the convergence of the ring of life. Additionally, the endosymbiotic theory, which proposes that eukaryotic organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes, is also evidence for this positioning. Lastly, genetic analyses have shown that eukaryotes share genetic similarities with both archaea and bacteria, further suggesting their position at the center of evolutionary relationships.
Which domain does monera belong?
Monera used to be the kingdom for all prokaryotes. Now that prokaryotes are divided into two domains (Archaea and Bacteria), there is no more kingdom Monera. In essence, species once belonging to the kingdom Monera were divided into the two domains.
Which is used as evidence for the idea that multicellular organisms evolved from prokaryotes?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA
Which discovery supported the endosymbiotic theory?
The discovery of mitochondria and chloroplasts having their own DNA, ribosomes, and double membrane structure supports the endosymbiotic theory, which proposes that these organelles were once free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells. This evidence suggests that they evolved from symbiotic relationships between different cell types.
Describe the proposed relationship between prokaryotes and the organelles in eukaryotes?
The endosymbiotic theory proposes that organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells were once independent prokaryotic organisms that were engulfed by a host cell. Over time, these organelles formed a symbiotic relationship with the host cell, eventually becoming integrated as essential components of eukaryotic cells. This theory is supported by evidence such as the presence of DNA and ribosomes in these organelles, similar to prokaryotic cells.
What part of the cell theory did Lynn margulis contribute to?
She concluded that some organelles found in eukaryotes were once free-living prokaryotes.
Are any organelles present in only plant cells?
Every cell has organelles. Prokaryotes were once thought to have no organelles but some have been found now. Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles and prokaryotes do not.
Are organelles only found in eukaryotic cells?
Yes. Prokaryotes are much too small to carry chloroplasts. It is theorized that chloroplasts were once prokaryotes that started a symbiotic relations with early eukaryotic cells, which explains why chloroplasts and mitochondria are found in the eukaryotic cell.
What is the endoplasmic theory?
The endoplasmic theory is the theory that states that eukaryotes were originally formed (and can be formed) by prokaryotes absorbing/taking in other prokaryotes to from certain membrane-enclosed organelles.
Which observation supports the position of eukaryotes at the convergence of the ring of life?
The presence of shared genes and biochemical pathways among eukaryotes, archaea, and bacteria supports the idea of eukaryotes at the convergence of the ring of life. Additionally, the endosymbiotic theory, which proposes that eukaryotic organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes, is also evidence for this positioning. Lastly, genetic analyses have shown that eukaryotes share genetic similarities with both archaea and bacteria, further suggesting their position at the center of evolutionary relationships.
Where in the eukaryotic cell do replication transcription RNA processing and translation each occur?
In eukaryotic cells, you have a nucleus, whereas with prokaryotic cells you have none and you are missing some organelles found with the eukaryotes. Eukaryotes organelles are found within the cytoplasm.
What 2 organelles were once free?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be free-living. They used to be prokaryotes, but they got enveloped by other prokaryotes and their membrane became a double membrane because the first one stayed and the second one came from it being enveloped. Their DNA is also similar to prokaryote DNA. Their original cell membrane is also similar to a prokaryote's cell membrane.
Which domain does monera belong?
Monera used to be the kingdom for all prokaryotes. Now that prokaryotes are divided into two domains (Archaea and Bacteria), there is no more kingdom Monera. In essence, species once belonging to the kingdom Monera were divided into the two domains.
Where in the eukaryotic cell do replication transcription RNA processing translation each occur?
In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus. RNA polymerase II transcribes the DNA forming an mRNA transcript.The mRNA is then modified. It has a 5'-cap and a 3'polyA tail and it can also be spliced and edited by various enzymes. Once an mRNA molecule has been correctly edited it is exported out of the nucleus through nuclear pores. Once in the cytoplasm can be localized to different compartments of the cell, but most of the protein synthesis occurs on the rough ER.Here various translation factors help ribosomes to translate the DNA into protein. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm.Do not get this confused with prokaryotes. In prokaryotes, they do not have organelles and so transcription and translation are coupled in the cytoplasm... (they occur at the same time).
What does the endosymbiosis theory propose?
The endosymbiosis theory proposes that eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic relationships between different prokaryotic organisms. It suggests that organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent prokaryotes that were engulfed by a host cell, eventually forming a mutually beneficial relationship.
How does the symbiosis theory prove to have DNA inside the mitochondria?
Mitochondria--small organelles found in eukaryotic cells that produce ATP--are believed to have become part of the eukaryotic cell by a process of symbiosis. This theory is supported by the fact that mitochondria have their own DNA, separate and distinct from that of the cell in which they reside. Even more compelling is the fact that mtDNA is found in the same form as DNA in prokaryotes such as bacteria. DNA in eukaryotes (animals, plants, fungi) comes in the form of long strings. It has two distinct ends and eukaryotes usually have several of these strings (chromosomes). DNA in prokaryotes, on the other hand, comes in a circular form. It is referred to as ccc-DNA, or covalently closed circular DNA. Prokaryotes typically only have one circular chromosome. The DNA found in mitochondria is ccc-DNA, rather than the eukaryotic type. This, and the fact that it is distinct from the DNA of the cell in which it is found, both suggest that mitochondria were once unique organisms that merged with other organisms via symbiosis to become one type of cell.
