Because of the asymmetry in pyrimidine and purine use in coding sequences, the strand with the greater coding content will tend to have the greater number of purine bases (Szybalski's rule). Because the number of purine bases will to a very good approximation equal the number of their complementary pyrimidines within the same strand and because the coding sequences occupy 80-90% of the strand, there appears to be a selective pressure on the third base to minimize the number of purine bases in the strand with the greater coding content and that this pressure is proportional to the mismatch in the length of the coding sequences between the two strands.
The origin of the deviation from Chargaff's rule in the organelles has been suggested to be a consequence of the mechanism of replication. During replication the DNA strands separate. In single stranded DNA, cytosine spontaneously slowly deaminates to adenosine (a C to A transversion). The longer the strands are separated the greater the quantity of deamination. For reasons that are not yet clear the strands tend to exist longer in single form in mitochondria than in chromsomal DNA. This process tends to yield one strand that is enriched in guanine (G) and thymine (T) with its complement enriched in cytosine (C) and adenosine (A), and this process may have given rise to the deviations found in the mitochondria.
Chargaff's second rule appears to be the consequence of a more complex parity rule: within a single strand of DNA any oligonucleotide is present in equal numbers to its reverse complementary nucleotide. Because of the computational requirements this has not been verified in all genomes for all oligonucleotides. It has been verified for triplet oligonucleotides for a large data set. Albrecht-Buehler has suggested that this rule is the consequence of genomes evolving by a process of inversion and transposition. This process does not appear to have acted on the mitochondrial genomes. Chargaff's second parity rule appears to be extended from the nucleotide-level to populations of codon triplets, in the case of whole single-stranded Human genome DNA
A kind of "codon-level second Chargaff's parity rule" is proposed as follows:
Codon populations where 1st base position is T are identical to codon populations where 3rd base position is A:
« % codons Twx ~ % codons yzA » (where Twx and yzA are mirror codons i.e TCG and CGA).
Codon populations where 1st base position is C are identical to codon populations where 3rd base position is G:
« % codons Cwx ~ % codons yzG » (where Cwx and yzG are mirror codons i.e CTA and TAG).
Codon populations where 2nd base position is T are identical to codon populations where 2nd base position is A:
« % codons wTx ~ % codons yAz » (where wTx and yAz are mirror codons i.e CTG and CAG).
Codon populations where 2nd base position is C are identical to codon populations where 2nd base position is G:
« % codons wCx ~ % codons yGz » (where wCx and yGz are mirror codons i.e TCT and AGA).
Codon populations where 3rd base position is T are identical to codon populations where 1st base position is A:
« % codons wxT ~ % codons Ayz » (where wxT and Ayz are mirror codons i.e CTT and AAG).
Codon populations where 3rd base position is C are identical to codon populations where 1st base position is G:
« % codons wxC ~ % codons Gyz » (where wxC and Gyz are mirror codons i.e GGC and GCC).
He found out that the percentages of adenine and thymine were the same, and the percentages of cytosine and guanine were the same.
nucleotides chargaff and the structure question
Erwin Chargaff - - By Porta Potty
Chargaff's rules state that DNA from any cell of all organisms should have a 1:1 ratio of pyrimidine and purine bases and, more specifically, that the amount of guanine is equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine is equal to thymine.
THYMINE-ADENINE CYTOSINE-GUANINE
Erwin Chargaff contributed to the DNA puzzle by discovering that the amount of adenine (A) is equal to the amount of thymine (T), and the amount of cytosine (C) is equal to the amount of guanine (G) in DNA. This led to the discovery of Chargaff's rules, which provided important insights into the structure and function of DNA, ultimately leading to the development of the double helix model by Watson and Crick.
A=T and C=G
Chargaff's rule is adenine ALWAYS goes with thymine guanine ALWAYS goes with cytosine
Chargaff
nucleotides chargaff and the structure question
Erwin Chargaff
Chargaff's law states that the bases Adenine and Thymine must be equal, and Cytosine and Guanine must be equal.
Erwin Chargaff - - By Porta Potty
edwin chargaff
Chargaff's rules state that DNA from any cell of all organisms should have a 1:1 ratio of pyrimidine and purine bases and, more specifically, that the amount of guanine is equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine is equal to thymine.
Erwin Chargaff proposed two main rules in his lifetime which were appropriately named Chargaff's rules. The first and best known achievement was to show that in natural DNA the number of guanine units equals the number of cytosine units and the number of adenine units equals the number of thymine units. The second of Chargaff's rules is that the composition of DNA varies from one species to another, in particular in the relative amounts of A, G, T, and C bases. Such evidence of molecular diversity, which had been presumed absent from DNA, made DNA a more credible candidate for the genetic material than protein.
By forming matching hydrogen bonds.
Chargaff's rule means that there should be the same number of purine and pyrimidine bases in DNA. The base-pairing rules mean that A always pairs with T, and G always pairs with C ie. a purine always pairs with a pyrimidine, so there must be the same number of both proving Chargaff's rule.