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According to Madelung rule the no. of electrons filled in a shell or orbit depends on the energy of shell or orbit .

lower is the energy of shell higher will be its priority for electron filling.

1st orbit can have 2 electrons

2nd orbit can have 8 electrons

3rd orbit can have 18 electrons

4th one can have 32 electrons and so on.

These are the most stable configurations of atoms.

it seems that only electrons are responsible for atom's stability, because they are present outside nucleus of atom and take part in the chemical reaction.

As it is natural fact that every object in this world try to attain stability, the same principle applies on the stability of atom.

if an atom have 5 electrons it will either try to gain 3 more electrons or try to lose 3 electrons as it will try to attain the most stable configuration as it is given above.

Only after attaining the stable configuration, the atom will be inert i.e.it will not react.

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