Air must be excluded from the reactor vessel to prevent unwanted oxidation reactions and to maintain the desired chemical environment for the reaction taking place. The presence of oxygen can lead to the formation of byproducts, reduce the efficiency of the reaction, and potentially create hazardous conditions, such as fires or explosions. Additionally, excluding air helps to maintain the integrity of sensitive materials and catalysts used within the reactor.
Disclosed is a method for preventing hydrogen-induced disbanding of austenitic stainless steel cladding, which is made on a low alloy steel, in a reactor vessel which has been used in a high-temperature and high-pressure hydrogen atmosphere so the air must be excluded. The clad steel is cooled from its operating temperature to a temperature which is not lower than 100° C. Then, the clad steel is maintained at a temperature between said temperature which is not lower than 100° C. and a post weld heat treatment so as to effect hydrogen degassing treatment. Thereafter, the clad steel is further cooled.
after the reactor shuts down
In a crossing situation on the water, the vessel that must take early and substantial action to avoid a collision is called the "give-way vessel." This vessel must yield to the other vessel, known as the "stand-on vessel," which has the right of way. The give-way vessel must take appropriate measures to ensure safety and avoid a collision.
The ultimate would be to cause melting of the fuel. It must be shown (theoretically) that this would be contained in the bottom of the reactor vessel. The fission chain reaction would have stopped but there is after heat from radioactive decay and this must be absorbed by emergency cooling to avoid damage to the vessel. This is an extreme case and might be caused by a severe loss of cooling accident, but is very unlikely in most reactors.
the PWC
vessel number
In a crossing situation, the vessel that must maintain its course and speed (Vessel B) is referred to as the "stand-on vessel." This vessel is required to continue on its current path while the other vessel (the give-way vessel) is expected to take action to avoid a collision. The stand-on vessel has the right of way under maritime navigation rules.
endanger others or damage their property
When a power-driven vessel (PWC) is overtaking another vessel, it must give way to the vessel being overtaken. According to maritime navigation rules, the overtaking vessel is responsible for ensuring safe passage and must avoid collisions. The vessel being overtaken maintains its course and speed, while the overtaking vessel adjusts its course and speed as necessary to avoid interfering with the other vessel's navigation. This rule helps maintain safety and order on the water.
Give-way vessel
fuel rods
on each side of the forward half of the vessel