The most affordable Lens & Shutter cameras will be found by buying them used. Websites such as eBay or Craigslist will offer used cameras at very cheap prices. Also, classified ads both locally and online should have examples of cameras offered for low prices.
A focal plane shutter is located right in front of the film or sensor where the light coming in from the lens is focused. Older film cameras would use an in-lens shutter system, sometimes even combined with the aperture mechanism. Focal plane shutters are used in modern cameras because they provide quicker shutter action and better camera balance.
Most companies call these shutters "leaf shutters." It's a shutter that's built into the camera lens. It has two advantages and three disadvantages over a focal plane shutter.The advantages are every shutter speed is a flash sync speed, and every lens contains a shutter of its own so if the shutter on your 80mm lens breaks you can mount your 150mm lens and finish the job. The disadvantages are slower shutter speeds than focal plane shutters will give (Hasselblad 500-series cameras go to 1/500 second and Hasselblad H-series go to 1/800; my Nikon F4 goes to 1/8000), having the shutter in the lens means you have to buy a new shutter with every lens and they are NOT cheap; and at the same shutter speed a focal plane shutter will allow more light to pass, so if you have a handheld meter you have to adjust your exposure to accommodate this.
There are many different Nikon cameras. The compact digital cameras from Nikon are mainly simple "shoot and point" cameras where you open the shutter, point the camera at what you want to take a picture of and press the shutter. Other Nikon cameras have an interchangeable lens and adjustable focus to improve picture quality.
SLR stands for Single Lens Reflex meaning the camera supports just one lens which has the the aperture, focus and shutter, oppose to the TLR which is the Twin Lens Reflex which these cameras consist of two lens to take a photo, one for focusing and the other one that contains the shutter and aperture.
It's hard to give a simple answer. There are many types of cameras including:Single Use CamerasCompact Lens-Shutter CamerasBridge CamerasRangefindersTwin Lens ReflexSLR (Single Lens Reflex)Digital compacts and SLRs are one category, but film cameras come in many shapes and sizes for a number of different roles, from 8x10 inch view cameras (the size of the sheet film they take) to 110 pocket cameras.
The Shutter.
Short answer: Yes, if you define "shutter" widely enough.Long answer: Rather than a physical shutter as one would have with a film camera, many digital cameras simply turn the sensor on and off as needed (called electronic shutter). This is usually used in point-and-shoot digital cameras. A digital SLR camera, on the other hand, will usually have a physical shutter which opens for the needed duration, just like a film camera. Some SLR cameras, like the Nikon D40 (and probably many others) use both a physical shutter and an electronic shutter; having the latter permits almost unlimited flash sync speed.
requiring the expense of a separate shutter for each lens. Leaf shutter A leaf shutter is a type of camera shutter consisting of a mechanism with one or more pivoting metal leaves which normally does not allow light through the lens onto the film, but which when triggered opens the shutter by moving the leaves to uncover the lens for the required time to make an exposure, then shuts. Simple leaf shutters have a single leaf, or two leaves, which pivot so as to allow light through to the lens when triggered. If two leaves are used they have curved edges to create a roughly circular aperture. Some have more than one speed. Some of the most expensive and accurate cameras in the world also employ leaf-shutter mechanisms of one design or another. In modern point and shoot cameras the leaf-shutter is now allowing shutter speeds as fast as 1/40,000 second exposures along with perfect flash-sync at those shutter speeds, with flash speed durations as short as 1/224,000th of a second. Shutters for newer digital cameras are a combination of electronic and mechanical timings. Some cameras employ a 100% electronic shutter, created by turning on and off the imaging sensor's signals. Comparison of focal plane shutter with leaf shutter The leaf shutter positioned between or just behind the lens components, consists of a number of overlapping metal blades opened and closed either by spring action or electronically. The focal-plane shutter, located directly in front of the image plane, consists of a pair of overlapping blinds that form an adjustable slit or window; driven mechanically by spring or electronically. Comparison of leaf shutter with focal-plane shutter Modern shutters are of two principal types. The leaf shutter positioned between or just behind the lens components, consists of a number of overlapping metal blades opened and closed either by spring action or electronically. The focal-plane shutter, located directly in front of the image plane, consists of a pair of overlapping blinds that form an adjustable slit or window.
A manual camera is a camera that does not have any automated functions, like film transport that winds the film, or exposure modes like shutter or aperture priority. Most manual cameras also do not have auto-focus capability.
When you add a camera lens to a camera, it does not make the shutter go faster. If the camera has a manual way to adjust the shutter speed, that is how it changes.
No, mirrors are not needed for all cameras to take photos. The mirror is only used in a reflex camera (a camera where you look through the same lens as the sensor/film). Small point and shoots, rangefinders, and large format view cameras do not use mirrors.
No, Canon lenses are not compatible with Nikon cameras due to differences in lens mounts and electronic connections.