What happens to the pressure gauge reading if the flow velocity is increased?

Biogas Production Anaerobic digestion?

Hi, A typical gas system comprises the digester cover, pressure and vacuum relief devices, water trap, flame trap, pressure regulator, gas meter, check valve, pressure gauges, waste gas burner and a gas holder. Mixing of digesters by means of gas re-circulation requires a compressor. The digester is covered to contain odours, maintain temperature, keeps air out and to collect the gas. Fixed covers are more usual than floating covers. During normal operation, there is a space for gas collection between the cover and the liquid surface of the digester contents. The cover of a digester has certain unique features that the operating staff must be aware of, for example, how the variation in pressure and the level inside the digester may affect the cover. The biggest danger associated with the operation of fixed cover digesters occurs when the pressure relief device mounted on top of the digester fails or the sludge overflow line blocks and the liquid level in the digester continues to rise. In such a situation, the excess gas pressure inside the digester can exceed the maximum design pressure and damage the cover or its mountings. Fixed covers can also be damaged by excess negative pressure (vacuum) or if the rate of waste sludge withdrawal exceeds the feed rate or the vacuum relief device fails. The function of the pressure relief device is to allow pressure that exceeds a safe level to escape from the digester. The manufacturer's specifications should provide the following information to enable the operating staff to control the gas system safely. (a) The system's normal operating pressure (mm water gauge). (b) The pressure at which the pressure relief device should operate. (c) The rated gas flow capacity of the pipes. A gas system generally comprises three pressure relief devices; one mounted on the cover of the digester, one on the gas holder and one situated at the end of the gas line before the gas burner. This device releases gas to the waste gas burner before the design gas pressure of the digester cover is reached. The vacuum relief device functions in the opposite manner to the pressure relief device and allows air to enter the digester in the event of the waste sludge being withdrawn too rapidly. Air should not, under normal conditions, be allowed to enter the digester because a mixture of air and methane is potentially highly explosive. Gas leaving the digester is almost saturated with water vapour. As the gas cools, the water vapour condenses causing problems. The problem is more severe when digesters are heated. To solve the problem it is essential to remove as much of the moisture as possible before the gas comes into contact with the gas system devices. For this reason, water traps should be located as close to the digester as possible. All piping should be sloped a minimum of 1% towards the water trap, which should be situated at a low point in the gas line. Flame traps are emergency devices installed in gas lines to prevent flames travelling back up the gas line (flashback) and reaching the digester. The flame trap generally consists of a box filled with stone or a metal grid. If a flame develops in the gas line, the temperature of the flame is reduced below the ignition point as it passes through the trap and the flame is extinguished. Pressure regulators are used when a lower pressure than the system operating pressure, is required for a specific device such as a boiler water heater or incinerator. Regulators maintain a constant gas pressure at the point of use The rate of gas production is probably the most sensitive process control indicator at the disposal of the operating staff. Gas meters should be regularly serviced so as to give accurate and reliable gas readings. Every effort should be made to have the gas meter calibrated every six months. Check valves (non-return valves) are installed in the gas line to allow gas flow in one direction only i.e. out of the digester. Gas pressure gauges indicate the pressure in the gas system and assist in locating any blockages in the line. If a blockage occurs, a pressure reading downstream will register a lower pressure than that of a gauge upstream. The pressure relief device at the waste gas burner safely flares excess gas to the atmosphere and thus reduces the potential for a dangerous accumulation of gas in the system. Many anaerobic digestion waste treatment plants have a means of storing excess gas. This can be in the form of either a floating roof on the digester or a separate gasholder. A mixture of biogas and air can be explosive. Methane gas in concentrations of between 5% and 15% in air by volume is explosive. Operating staff on waste treatment plants should ensure that no air is allowed to enter the digester or gasholder. All piping and equipment must be sealed properly to prevent gas from escaping to the outside. There must be no smoking and all electrical installations, including light switches, torches etc must be of the explosion-proof type, as the smallest spark could ignite escaped gases. Srinivas kasulla 09869179601 MUMBAI

What is a two liquid well type manometer?

What is a two liquid well type manometer is one of the three main types of manometers. This type is best applied to reading scales that are properly calibrated and in the right units.

What are the advantages of bioreactor?

Very gentle mixing with new Fishtail stirrer:Up and down movement of one or more stirring discs provides gentle mixing both in horizontal and vertical direction. At the same time the stirring is more efficient. A special proprietary disc form of the new elastic Fishtail stirrer (mimics the fish tail) eliminates cutting edges and micro-eddies formed on all common impellers. Therefor the cell viability is increased.Adapter for very sensitive cells:A spiral covered by a thin wall of air containing silicone tubing is fixed on the axis of the stirrer. The up and down movement of the spiral displaces oxygen saturated layers of the culture and simultaneously produces a gentle movement of the medium. Because oxygen saturated layers in the proximity of the gas supplying tubing are removed fast, the moving spiral system is more efficient than common stationary systems.Radiation heating:The infrared radiation concentrated on the bottom of the vessel produces extremely gentle and regular sun like heating of the culture! It produces natural convection even without agitation. No hot spots are formed at any culture volume. Thanks to the very low heat capacity of the radiator, the temperature can be attained in a short time and can easily be kept constant. Furthermlore the sight into the vessel is not hindered.Culture volumes from 35 ml to 6000 ml:A broad volume spectrum is possible with just one instrument. Since no expensive top plates are used, the cost of passing from one volume vessel to another is several times lower than in other systems.MINIFOR is very compact:The MINIFOR is the most compact bioreactor available. Nevertheless, the ports are well accessible from all sides.Fastest set up: Special system and vessel construction of MINIFOR allows the fastest set up when compared to all other systems on the market.Fully automatic gas flow:Lambda discarded all rotameters and manual valves on so called four gas stations. Their reading is pressure and temperature dependent and cannot be well reproduced. Additionally, they cannot be automatically regulated and do not supply any recordable signal. A new gas flow meter and controller MASSFLOW has been developed. The gas flow measurement is based upon the precise massflow principle and is unaffected by pressure and temperature variations. It supplies a high quality signal, which is used to control our proprietary proportional valve for a precise regulation of the gas flow rate. The gas volume can be measured, totalised and recorded for the control of metabolic activity of the culture.Automatic pH and pO2 control:The carbon dioxide regulating MASSFLOW instrument is just plugged into the acid pump socket on the rear of the MINIFOR and if necessary the nitrogen regulating MASSFLOW to the base pump socket. The MINIFOR will keep both pH and pO2 on the preset value automatically.Self-cleaning gas microsparger:Rich and salt containing media will inevitably dry out in the openings of a sparger tube. Solid deposits may block the gas entry. A special microsparger has been developed by Lambda to eliminate this problem.Continuous culture:The weight of MINIFOR can be kept constant by using a special weighing module placed under the front edge of MINIFOR. The harvesting pump will keep automatically the volume of the culture constant. Continuous cultures allow a considerable increase of productivity.INTEGRATOR:When the integrator is switched to pumps or MASSFLOW gas flow regulator, their activity can be followed as a function of time. The data obtained in this way give additional information about the culture; it's growth kinetics and reproducibility.PC control:Easy to use, complete software FNet for up to six MINIFOR units.

How do you become a nuclear engineer?

You have to know stuff. You have to be smart and know things. Nuclear power is an important part of the current energy balance. With advances in science and technology, nuclear energy is ever more regarded as an eminent part of the global energy-environment equation needed to satisfy growing demands for energy in a rapidly developing world. Undoubtedly nuclear energy, as well as other non-energy applications of nuclear science and technology, will continue and further increase their important role in serving society. Beginning engineering graduates usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers and, in large companies, also may receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. As new engineers gain knowledge and experience, they are assigned more difficult projects with greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions. Engineers may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff or team of engineers and technicians. Some may eventually become engineering managers or enter other managerial or sales jobs. In view of the ever more urgent environmental concerns related to power production using fossil fuels, it is clear that nuclear technology will play important role in future sustainable energy systems. The ongoing advances in nuclear science and technology play the central role in the development of future nuclear power systems, and are also crucial for how successfully we can handle the nuclear waste problem in a responsible manner. From this perspective, it is of vital importance to offer high quality education to the next generation of nuclear scientists and engineers. If you want to know how much it pays keep reading. The median salaries annual earnings of mining and physical engineers, including drawing out safety engineers, were $61,770 in 2002. The middle 50 percent earned between $48,250 and $77,160. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $36,720, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $93,660. A nuclear engineer makes about 60,000 a year but really it depends on where you live, if you live in Florida you earn up to a 120,000 a year. The MIT Nuclear Engineering Department (NED) is the premier US department in its field. This number-one ranking by U.S. News World Report and over many years has reflected the quality of scholarship by students and faculty in the department. Our educational activities have been highly productive this year. Graduate applications were at a 12-year high, with a strong entering class. Undergraduate enrollment also sustained its upward trend. Freshman elections to major nuclear engineering increased by 60%. In addition, the department took responsibility for several Institute-wide undergraduate courses, and individual faculty members contributed to teaching large undergraduate courses in electrical engineering and computer science and materials science and engineering. Research has remained dynamic, with substantial growth in research volume in fission, fusion, and radiation science and technology. The department led a process of envisioning the role of the MIT Nuclear Reactor and presented our vision of a national center in support of next-generation reactor research to the Department of Energy (DOE), where it was very positively received. Nuclear Engineering faculty and students represent the majority of the educational component of the Plasma Science and Fusion Center. The graduate student component of the Allocator Program was recognized for its high importance, both because of the students' contribution to research and as a source of highly skilled young scientists. Most companies have a career progression. They may hire a young man just out of college and he will have a Title. As he gets more experience, he will be promoted to a new title with a raise in pay. Here is how some companies rank their engineering staff. Â· Associate Engineer - maybe a temporary college student * Engineer - graduate of college * Senior Engineer - Experienced engineer * Project Engineer - Experience allows him to work a project without any supervision * Standards Engineer or Lead Engineer - has responsibility for the technical documents prepared by other engineers * Chief Engineer - Engineer of highest technical experience in his company or department. Probably has a Masters or for aircraft design a FAA D.E.R. license. * Many engineers gain experience and are promoted into Management. They can manage an engineering department or manage a project. That is considered moving out of the technical field into a field requiring management skills or education such as an MBA. The research efforts of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems (CANES) were organized into the following four programs: Advanced Reactor Technology; Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Economics; Enhanced Performance of Nuclear Power Plants; and Nuclear Energy and Sustainability. The center signed a three-year agreement with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission centered on Advanced Reactor Technology for $500,000 per year. The focus of that work will be on fuel and safety analysis of gas-cooled, high-temperature reactors, high-burn up light water reactor (LWR) fuel and risk-informing the regulation of advanced reactors. The first contracts from the newly established DOE program on Generation IV reactors were two signed by Professor Driscoll as the principal investigator. They address the development of materials testing and plant design of innovative CO2-cooled fast reactors. Professor Tories and Czerwinski started new projects supported by the Nuclear Energy Research Initiative Program (NERI). Two new projects were initiated with support from TEPCO: Professor Golan's investigation of seismic risk and Professor Kodak and Kasogi's investigation of the comparative performance of nuclear energy plants in the United States and Japan. Professor Kashmir, with support from Toshiba, initiated research on the design of boiling-water reactors that can operate for very long cycles (about 10 years) without refueling. Short reports on a few ongoing research projects are given below. Educational seminars were organized under the auspices of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems. A two-day seminar on "Advanced Reactors" was organized by Professor Tories in Beijing in January, jointly with the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology of Tsinghai University. Professor Kashmir convened a one-day colloquium on "High Burn up LWR Fuel" at MIT in January 2003. Both professors were among the organizers of a one-day symposium on "Advances in Heat Transfer" at MIT in May. In June they co directed the 38th session of the two-week summer course on Nuclear Systems Safety. This was followed with the one-week course on "Risk Informed Operations of Nuclear Power Plants," directed by Professor Apostolicism. Also in June, Professor Goalie organized the 11th session of the four-week Reactor Technology Course for utility executives. Preparation A bachelor's degree in engineering is required for almost all entry-level engineering jobs. College graduates with a degree in a physical science, chemistry, or mathematics occasionally may qualify for some engineering jobs, especially in specialties in high demand. Most engineering degrees are granted in electrical, electronics, mechanical, chemical, civil, or materials engineering. However, engineers trained in one branch may work in related branches. For example, many aerospace engineers have training in mechanical engineering. This flexibility allows employers to meet staffing needs in new technologies and specialties in which engineers may be in short supply. It also allows engineers to shift to fields with better employment prospects or to those that more closely match their interests. Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and science. Most programs include a design course, sometimes accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both. A degree in Nuclear Engineering might include the following types of courses: engineering fundamentals in radiation production, interactions and measurement, design of nuclear systems, thermal-fluid engineering, electronics, and computer methods. * Hazardous material protective apparel - Ant contamination clothing * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear tools - nuclear wire line logging instruments * Personal computers * Desktop computers Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle-the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy-or on the development of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for naval vessels or spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, as in equipment used to diagnose and treat medical problems. Tasks? Nuclear engineers research, design and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants used to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle - the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy -- or on the production of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, such as equipment to diagnose and treat medical problems. Workplace? Nuclear engineers held about 16,000 jobs in the US 2002. Almost half were employed in utilities, one-quarter in professional, scientific, and technical services firms, and 14 percent in the federal government. Many federally employed nuclear engineers were civilian employees of the U.S. Navy, and others worked for the U.S. Department of Energy or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Team work and cooperation? Almost all jobs in engineering require some sort of interaction with coworkers. Whether they are working in a team situation, or just asking for advice, most engineers have to have the ability to communicate and work with other people. Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail-oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are important because engineers often interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering. Writing and presentation skills are also vital so engineers can share their research and experiences with colleagues through topical meetings, professional associations, and various publications. If you want to be a nuclear engineer know you know what you are going to do. Thank you. Nuclear power is an important part of the current energy balance. With advances in science and technology, nuclear energy is ever more regarded as an eminent part of the global energy-environment equation needed to satisfy growing demands for energy in a rapidly developing world. Undoubtedly nuclear energy, as well as other non-energy applications of nuclear science and technology, will continue and further increase their important role in serving society. Beginning engineering graduates usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers and, in large companies, also may receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. As new engineers gain knowledge and experience, they are assigned more difficult projects with greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions. Engineers may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff or team of engineers and technicians. Some may eventually become engineering managers or enter other managerial or sales jobs. In view of the ever more urgent environmental concerns related to power production using fossil fuels, it is clear that nuclear technology will play important role in future sustainable energy systems. The ongoing advances in nuclear science and technology play the central role in the development of future nuclear power systems, and are also crucial for how successfully we can handle the nuclear waste problem in a responsible manner. From this perspective, it is of vital importance to offer high quality education to the next generation of nuclear scientists and engineers. If you want to know how much it pays keep reading. The median salaries annual earnings of mining and physical engineers, including drawing out safety engineers, were $61,770 in 2002. The middle 50 percent earned between $48,250 and $77,160. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $36,720, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $93,660. A nuclear engineer makes about 60,000 a year but really it depends on where you live, if you live in Florida you earn up to a 120,000 a year. The MIT Nuclear Engineering Department (NED) is the premier US department in its field. This number-one ranking by U.S. News World Report and over many years has reflected the quality of scholarship by students and faculty in the department. Our educational activities have been highly productive this year. Graduate applications were at a 12-year high, with a strong entering class. Undergraduate enrollment also sustained its upward trend. Freshman elections to major nuclear engineering increased by 60%. In addition, the department took responsibility for several Institute-wide undergraduate courses, and individual faculty members contributed to teaching large undergraduate courses in electrical engineering and computer science and materials science and engineering. Research has remained dynamic, with substantial growth in research volume in fission, fusion, and radiation science and technology. The department led a process of envisioning the role of the MIT Nuclear Reactor and presented our vision of a national center in support of next-generation reactor research to the Department of Energy (DOE), where it was very positively received. Nuclear Engineering faculty and students represent the majority of the educational component of the Plasma Science and Fusion Center. The graduate student component of the Allocator Program was recognized for its high importance, both because of the students' contribution to research and as a source of highly skilled young scientists. Most companies have a career progression. They may hire a young man just out of college and he will have a Title. As he gets more experience, he will be promoted to a new title with a raise in pay. Here is how some companies rank their engineering staff. Â· Associate Engineer - maybe a temporary college student * Engineer - graduate of college * Senior Engineer - Experienced engineer * Project Engineer - Experience allows him to work a project without any supervision * Standards Engineer or Lead Engineer - has responsibility for the technical documents prepared by other engineers * Chief Engineer - Engineer of highest technical experience in his company or department. Probably has a Masters or for aircraft design a FAA D.E.R. license. * Many engineers gain experience and are promoted into Management. They can manage an engineering department or manage a project. That is considered moving out of the technical field into a field requiring management skills or education such as an MBA. The research efforts of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems (CANES) were organized into the following four programs: Advanced Reactor Technology; Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Economics; Enhanced Performance of Nuclear Power Plants; and Nuclear Energy and Sustainability. The center signed a three-year agreement with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission centered on Advanced Reactor Technology for $500,000 per year. The focus of that work will be on fuel and safety analysis of gas-cooled, high-temperature reactors, high-burn up light water reactor (LWR) fuel and risk-informing the regulation of advanced reactors. The first contracts from the newly established DOE program on Generation IV reactors were two signed by Professor Driscoll as the principal investigator. They address the development of materials testing and plant design of innovative CO2-cooled fast reactors. Professor Tories and Czerwinski started new projects supported by the Nuclear Energy Research Initiative Program (NERI). Two new projects were initiated with support from TEPCO: Professor Golan's investigation of seismic risk and Professor Kodak and Kasogi's investigation of the comparative performance of nuclear energy plants in the United States and Japan. Professor Kashmir, with support from Toshiba, initiated research on the design of boiling-water reactors that can operate for very long cycles (about 10 years) without refueling. Short reports on a few ongoing research projects are given below. Educational seminars were organized under the auspices of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems. A two-day seminar on "Advanced Reactors" was organized by Professor Tories in Beijing in January, jointly with the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology of Tsinghai University. Professor Kashmir convened a one-day colloquium on "High Burn up LWR Fuel" at MIT in January 2003. Both professors were among the organizers of a one-day symposium on "Advances in Heat Transfer" at MIT in May. In June they co directed the 38th session of the two-week summer course on Nuclear Systems Safety. This was followed with the one-week course on "Risk Informed Operations of Nuclear Power Plants," directed by Professor Apostolicism. Also in June, Professor Goalie organized the 11th session of the four-week Reactor Technology Course for utility executives. Preparation A bachelor's degree in engineering is required for almost all entry-level engineering jobs. College graduates with a degree in a physical science, chemistry, or mathematics occasionally may qualify for some engineering jobs, especially in specialties in high demand. Most engineering degrees are granted in electrical, electronics, mechanical, chemical, civil, or materials engineering. However, engineers trained in one branch may work in related branches. For example, many aerospace engineers have training in mechanical engineering. This flexibility allows employers to meet staffing needs in new technologies and specialties in which engineers may be in short supply. It also allows engineers to shift to fields with better employment prospects or to those that more closely match their interests. Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and science. Most programs include a design course, sometimes accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both. A degree in Nuclear Engineering might include the following types of courses: engineering fundamentals in radiation production, interactions and measurement, design of nuclear systems, thermal-fluid engineering, electronics, and computer methods. * Hazardous material protective apparel - Ant contamination clothing * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear tools - nuclear wire line logging instruments * Personal computers * Desktop computers Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle-the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy-or on the development of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for naval vessels or spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, as in equipment used to diagnose and treat medical problems. Tasks? Nuclear engineers research, design and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants used to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle - the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy -- or on the production of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, such as equipment to diagnose and treat medical problems. Workplace? Nuclear engineers held about 16,000 jobs in the US 2002. Almost half were employed in utilities, one-quarter in professional, scientific, and technical services firms, and 14 percent in the federal government. Many federally employed nuclear engineers were civilian employees of the U.S. Navy, and others worked for the U.S. Department of Energy or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Team work and cooperation? Almost all jobs in engineering require some sort of interaction with coworkers. Whether they are working in a team situation, or just asking for advice, most engineers have to have the ability to communicate and work with other people. Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail-oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are important because engineers often interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering. Writing and presentation skills are also vital so engineers can share their research and experiences with colleagues through topical meetings, professional associations, and various publications. If you want to be a nuclear engineer know you know what you are going to do. Thank you. Nuclear power is an important part of the current energy balance. With advances in science and technology, nuclear energy is ever more regarded as an eminent part of the global energy-environment equation needed to satisfy growing demands for energy in a rapidly developing world. Undoubtedly nuclear energy, as well as other non-energy applications of nuclear science and technology, will continue and further increase their important role in serving society. Beginning engineering graduates usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers and, in large companies, also may receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. As new engineers gain knowledge and experience, they are assigned more difficult projects with greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions. Engineers may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff or team of engineers and technicians. Some may eventually become engineering managers or enter other managerial or sales jobs. In view of the ever more urgent environmental concerns related to power production using fossil fuels, it is clear that nuclear technology will play important role in future sustainable energy systems. The ongoing advances in nuclear science and technology play the central role in the development of future nuclear power systems, and are also crucial for how successfully we can handle the nuclear waste problem in a responsible manner. From this perspective, it is of vital importance to offer high quality education to the next generation of nuclear scientists and engineers. If you want to know how much it pays keep reading. The median salaries annual earnings of mining and physical engineers, including drawing out safety engineers, were $61,770 in 2002. The middle 50 percent earned between $48,250 and $77,160. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $36,720, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $93,660. A nuclear engineer makes about 60,000 a year but really it depends on where you live, if you live in Florida you earn up to a 120,000 a year. The MIT Nuclear Engineering Department (NED) is the premier US department in its field. This number-one ranking by U.S. News World Report and over many years has reflected the quality of scholarship by students and faculty in the department. Our educational activities have been highly productive this year. Graduate applications were at a 12-year high, with a strong entering class. Undergraduate enrollment also sustained its upward trend. Freshman elections to major nuclear engineering increased by 60%. In addition, the department took responsibility for several Institute-wide undergraduate courses, and individual faculty members contributed to teaching large undergraduate courses in electrical engineering and computer science and materials science and engineering. Research has remained dynamic, with substantial growth in research volume in fission, fusion, and radiation science and technology. The department led a process of envisioning the role of the MIT Nuclear Reactor and presented our vision of a national center in support of next-generation reactor research to the Department of Energy (DOE), where it was very positively received. Nuclear Engineering faculty and students represent the majority of the educational component of the Plasma Science and Fusion Center. The graduate student component of the Allocator Program was recognized for its high importance, both because of the students' contribution to research and as a source of highly skilled young scientists. Most companies have a career progression. They may hire a young man just out of college and he will have a Title. As he gets more experience, he will be promoted to a new title with a raise in pay. Here is how some companies rank their engineering staff. Â· Associate Engineer - maybe a temporary college student * Engineer - graduate of college * Senior Engineer - Experienced engineer * Project Engineer - Experience allows him to work a project without any supervision * Standards Engineer or Lead Engineer - has responsibility for the technical documents prepared by other engineers * Chief Engineer - Engineer of highest technical experience in his company or department. Probably has a Masters or for aircraft design a FAA D.E.R. license. * Many engineers gain experience and are promoted into Management. They can manage an engineering department or manage a project. That is considered moving out of the technical field into a field requiring management skills or education such as an MBA. The research efforts of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems (CANES) were organized into the following four programs: Advanced Reactor Technology; Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Economics; Enhanced Performance of Nuclear Power Plants; and Nuclear Energy and Sustainability. The center signed a three-year agreement with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission centered on Advanced Reactor Technology for $500,000 per year. The focus of that work will be on fuel and safety analysis of gas-cooled, high-temperature reactors, high-burn up light water reactor (LWR) fuel and risk-informing the regulation of advanced reactors. The first contracts from the newly established DOE program on Generation IV reactors were two signed by Professor Driscoll as the principal investigator. They address the development of materials testing and plant design of innovative CO2-cooled fast reactors. Professor Tories and Czerwinski started new projects supported by the Nuclear Energy Research Initiative Program (NERI). Two new projects were initiated with support from TEPCO: Professor Golan's investigation of seismic risk and Professor Kodak and Kasogi's investigation of the comparative performance of nuclear energy plants in the United States and Japan. Professor Kashmir, with support from Toshiba, initiated research on the design of boiling-water reactors that can operate for very long cycles (about 10 years) without refueling. Short reports on a few ongoing research projects are given below. Educational seminars were organized under the auspices of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems. A two-day seminar on "Advanced Reactors" was organized by Professor Tories in Beijing in January, jointly with the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology of Tsinghai University. Professor Kashmir convened a one-day colloquium on "High Burn up LWR Fuel" at MIT in January 2003. Both professors were among the organizers of a one-day symposium on "Advances in Heat Transfer" at MIT in May. In June they co directed the 38th session of the two-week summer course on Nuclear Systems Safety. This was followed with the one-week course on "Risk Informed Operations of Nuclear Power Plants," directed by Professor Apostolicism. Also in June, Professor Goalie organized the 11th session of the four-week Reactor Technology Course for utility executives. Preparation A bachelor's degree in engineering is required for almost all entry-level engineering jobs. College graduates with a degree in a physical science, chemistry, or mathematics occasionally may qualify for some engineering jobs, especially in specialties in high demand. Most engineering degrees are granted in electrical, electronics, mechanical, chemical, civil, or materials engineering. However, engineers trained in one branch may work in related branches. For example, many aerospace engineers have training in mechanical engineering. This flexibility allows employers to meet staffing needs in new technologies and specialties in which engineers may be in short supply. It also allows engineers to shift to fields with better employment prospects or to those that more closely match their interests. Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and science. Most programs include a design course, sometimes accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both. A degree in Nuclear Engineering might include the following types of courses: engineering fundamentals in radiation production, interactions and measurement, design of nuclear systems, thermal-fluid engineering, electronics, and computer methods. * Hazardous material protective apparel - Ant contamination clothing * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear tools - nuclear wire line logging instruments * Personal computers * Desktop computers Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle-the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy-or on the development of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for naval vessels or spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, as in equipment used to diagnose and treat medical problems. Tasks? Nuclear engineers research, design and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants used to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle - the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy -- or on the production of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, such as equipment to diagnose and treat medical problems. Workplace? Nuclear engineers held about 16,000 jobs in the US 2002. Almost half were employed in utilities, one-quarter in professional, scientific, and technical services firms, and 14 percent in the federal government. Many federally employed nuclear engineers were civilian employees of the U.S. Navy, and others worked for the U.S. Department of Energy or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Team work and cooperation? Almost all jobs in engineering require some sort of interaction with coworkers. Whether they are working in a team situation, or just asking for advice, most engineers have to have the ability to communicate and work with other people. Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail-oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are important because engineers often interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering. Writing and presentation skills are also vital so engineers can share their research and experiences with colleagues through topical meetings, professional associations, and various publications. If you want to be a nuclear engineer know you know what you are going to do. Thank you. Nuclear power is an important part of the current energy balance. With advances in science and technology, nuclear energy is ever more regarded as an eminent part of the global energy-environment equation needed to satisfy growing demands for energy in a rapidly developing world. Undoubtedly nuclear energy, as well as other non-energy applications of nuclear science and technology, will continue and further increase their important role in serving society. Beginning engineering graduates usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers and, in large companies, also may receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. As new engineers gain knowledge and experience, they are assigned more difficult projects with greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions. Engineers may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff or team of engineers and technicians. Some may eventually become engineering managers or enter other managerial or sales jobs. In view of the ever more urgent environmental concerns related to power production using fossil fuels, it is clear that nuclear technology will play important role in future sustainable energy systems. The ongoing advances in nuclear science and technology play the central role in the development of future nuclear power systems, and are also crucial for how successfully we can handle the nuclear waste problem in a responsible manner. From this perspective, it is of vital importance to offer high quality education to the next generation of nuclear scientists and engineers. If you want to know how much it pays keep reading. The median salaries annual earnings of mining and physical engineers, including drawing out safety engineers, were $61,770 in 2002. The middle 50 percent earned between $48,250 and $77,160. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $36,720, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $93,660. A nuclear engineer makes about 60,000 a year but really it depends on where you live, if you live in Florida you earn up to a 120,000 a year. The MIT Nuclear Engineering Department (NED) is the premier US department in its field. This number-one ranking by U.S. News World Report and over many years has reflected the quality of scholarship by students and faculty in the department. Our educational activities have been highly productive this year. Graduate applications were at a 12-year high, with a strong entering class. Undergraduate enrollment also sustained its upward trend. Freshman elections to major nuclear engineering increased by 60%. In addition, the department took responsibility for several Institute-wide undergraduate courses, and individual faculty members contributed to teaching large undergraduate courses in electrical engineering and computer science and materials science and engineering. Research has remained dynamic, with substantial growth in research volume in fission, fusion, and radiation science and technology. The department led a process of envisioning the role of the MIT Nuclear Reactor and presented our vision of a national center in support of next-generation reactor research to the Department of Energy (DOE), where it was very positively received. Nuclear Engineering faculty and students represent the majority of the educational component of the Plasma Science and Fusion Center. The graduate student component of the Allocator Program was recognized for its high importance, both because of the students' contribution to research and as a source of highly skilled young scientists. Most companies have a career progression. They may hire a young man just out of college and he will have a Title. As he gets more experience, he will be promoted to a new title with a raise in pay. Here is how some companies rank their engineering staff. Â· Associate Engineer - maybe a temporary college student * Engineer - graduate of college * Senior Engineer - Experienced engineer * Project Engineer - Experience allows him to work a project without any supervision * Standards Engineer or Lead Engineer - has responsibility for the technical documents prepared by other engineers * Chief Engineer - Engineer of highest technical experience in his company or department. Probably has a Masters or for aircraft design a FAA D.E.R. license. * Many engineers gain experience and are promoted into Management. They can manage an engineering department or manage a project. That is considered moving out of the technical field into a field requiring management skills or education such as an MBA. The research efforts of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems (CANES) were organized into the following four programs: Advanced Reactor Technology; Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Economics; Enhanced Performance of Nuclear Power Plants; and Nuclear Energy and Sustainability. The center signed a three-year agreement with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission centered on Advanced Reactor Technology for $500,000 per year. The focus of that work will be on fuel and safety analysis of gas-cooled, high-temperature reactors, high-burn up light water reactor (LWR) fuel and risk-informing the regulation of advanced reactors. The first contracts from the newly established DOE program on Generation IV reactors were two signed by Professor Driscoll as the principal investigator. They address the development of materials testing and plant design of innovative CO2-cooled fast reactors. Professor Tories and Czerwinski started new projects supported by the Nuclear Energy Research Initiative Program (NERI). Two new projects were initiated with support from TEPCO: Professor Golan's investigation of seismic risk and Professor Kodak and Kasogi's investigation of the comparative performance of nuclear energy plants in the United States and Japan. Professor Kashmir, with support from Toshiba, initiated research on the design of boiling-water reactors that can operate for very long cycles (about 10 years) without refueling. Short reports on a few ongoing research projects are given below. Educational seminars were organized under the auspices of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems. A two-day seminar on "Advanced Reactors" was organized by Professor Tories in Beijing in January, jointly with the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology of Tsinghai University. Professor Kashmir convened a one-day colloquium on "High Burn up LWR Fuel" at MIT in January 2003. Both professors were among the organizers of a one-day symposium on "Advances in Heat Transfer" at MIT in May. In June they co directed the 38th session of the two-week summer course on Nuclear Systems Safety. This was followed with the one-week course on "Risk Informed Operations of Nuclear Power Plants," directed by Professor Apostolicism. Also in June, Professor Goalie organized the 11th session of the four-week Reactor Technology Course for utility executives. Preparation A bachelor's degree in engineering is required for almost all entry-level engineering jobs. College graduates with a degree in a physical science, chemistry, or mathematics occasionally may qualify for some engineering jobs, especially in specialties in high demand. Most engineering degrees are granted in electrical, electronics, mechanical, chemical, civil, or materials engineering. However, engineers trained in one branch may work in related branches. For example, many aerospace engineers have training in mechanical engineering. This flexibility allows employers to meet staffing needs in new technologies and specialties in which engineers may be in short supply. It also allows engineers to shift to fields with better employment prospects or to those that more closely match their interests. Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and science. Most programs include a design course, sometimes accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both. A degree in Nuclear Engineering might include the following types of courses: engineering fundamentals in radiation production, interactions and measurement, design of nuclear systems, thermal-fluid engineering, electronics, and computer methods. * Hazardous material protective apparel - Ant contamination clothing * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear tools - nuclear wire line logging instruments * Personal computers * Desktop computers Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle-the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy-or on the development of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for naval vessels or spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, as in equipment used to diagnose and treat medical problems. Tasks? Nuclear engineers research, design and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants used to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle - the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy -- or on the production of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, such as equipment to diagnose and treat medical problems. Workplace? Nuclear engineers held about 16,000 jobs in the US 2002. Almost half were employed in utilities, one-quarter in professional, scientific, and technical services firms, and 14 percent in the federal government. Many federally employed nuclear engineers were civilian employees of the U.S. Navy, and others worked for the U.S. Department of Energy or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Team work and cooperation? Almost all jobs in engineering require some sort of interaction with coworkers. Whether they are working in a team situation, or just asking for advice, most engineers have to have the ability to communicate and work with other people. Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail-oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are important because engineers often interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering. Writing and presentation skills are also vital so engineers can share their research and experiences with colleagues through topical meetings, professional associations, and various publications. If you want to be a nuclear engineer know you know what you are going to do. Thank you. Nuclear power is an important part of the current energy balance. With advances in science and technology, nuclear energy is ever more regarded as an eminent part of the global energy-environment equation needed to satisfy growing demands for energy in a rapidly developing world. Undoubtedly nuclear energy, as well as other non-energy applications of nuclear science and technology, will continue and further increase their important role in serving society. Beginning engineering graduates usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers and, in large companies, also may receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. As new engineers gain knowledge and experience, they are assigned more difficult projects with greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions. Engineers may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff or team of engineers and technicians. Some may eventually become engineering managers or enter other managerial or sales jobs. In view of the ever more urgent environmental concerns related to power production using fossil fuels, it is clear that nuclear technology will play important role in future sustainable energy systems. The ongoing advances in nuclear science and technology play the central role in the development of future nuclear power systems, and are also crucial for how successfully we can handle the nuclear waste problem in a responsible manner. From this perspective, it is of vital importance to offer high quality education to the next generation of nuclear scientists and engineers. If you want to know how much it pays keep reading. The median salaries annual earnings of mining and physical engineers, including drawing out safety engineers, were $61,770 in 2002. The middle 50 percent earned between $48,250 and $77,160. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $36,720, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $93,660. A nuclear engineer makes about 60,000 a year but really it depends on where you live, if you live in Florida you earn up to a 120,000 a year. The MIT Nuclear Engineering Department (NED) is the premier US department in its field. This number-one ranking by U.S. News World Report and over many years has reflected the quality of scholarship by students and faculty in the department. Our educational activities have been highly productive this year. Graduate applications were at a 12-year high, with a strong entering class. Undergraduate enrollment also sustained its upward trend. Freshman elections to major nuclear engineering increased by 60%. In addition, the department took responsibility for several Institute-wide undergraduate courses, and individual faculty members contributed to teaching large undergraduate courses in electrical engineering and computer science and materials science and engineering. Research has remained dynamic, with substantial growth in research volume in fission, fusion, and radiation science and technology. The department led a process of envisioning the role of the MIT Nuclear Reactor and presented our vision of a national center in support of next-generation reactor research to the Department of Energy (DOE), where it was very positively received. Nuclear Engineering faculty and students represent the majority of the educational component of the Plasma Science and Fusion Center. The graduate student component of the Allocator Program was recognized for its high importance, both because of the students' contribution to research and as a source of highly skilled young scientists. Most companies have a career progression. They may hire a young man just out of college and he will have a Title. As he gets more experience, he will be promoted to a new title with a raise in pay. Here is how some companies rank their engineering staff. Â· Associate Engineer - maybe a temporary college student * Engineer - graduate of college * Senior Engineer - Experienced engineer * Project Engineer - Experience allows him to work a project without any supervision * Standards Engineer or Lead Engineer - has responsibility for the technical documents prepared by other engineers * Chief Engineer - Engineer of highest technical experience in his company or department. Probably has a Masters or for aircraft design a FAA D.E.R. license. * Many engineers gain experience and are promoted into Management. They can manage an engineering department or manage a project. That is considered moving out of the technical field into a field requiring management skills or education such as an MBA. The research efforts of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems (CANES) were organized into the following four programs: Advanced Reactor Technology; Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Economics; Enhanced Performance of Nuclear Power Plants; and Nuclear Energy and Sustainability. The center signed a three-year agreement with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission centered on Advanced Reactor Technology for $500,000 per year. The focus of that work will be on fuel and safety analysis of gas-cooled, high-temperature reactors, high-burn up light water reactor (LWR) fuel and risk-informing the regulation of advanced reactors. The first contracts from the newly established DOE program on Generation IV reactors were two signed by Professor Driscoll as the principal investigator. They address the development of materials testing and plant design of innovative CO2-cooled fast reactors. Professor Tories and Czerwinski started new projects supported by the Nuclear Energy Research Initiative Program (NERI). Two new projects were initiated with support from TEPCO: Professor Golan's investigation of seismic risk and Professor Kodak and Kasogi's investigation of the comparative performance of nuclear energy plants in the United States and Japan. Professor Kashmir, with support from Toshiba, initiated research on the design of boiling-water reactors that can operate for very long cycles (about 10 years) without refueling. Short reports on a few ongoing research projects are given below. Educational seminars were organized under the auspices of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems. A two-day seminar on "Advanced Reactors" was organized by Professor Tories in Beijing in January, jointly with the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology of Tsinghai University. Professor Kashmir convened a one-day colloquium on "High Burn up LWR Fuel" at MIT in January 2003. Both professors were among the organizers of a one-day symposium on "Advances in Heat Transfer" at MIT in May. In June they co directed the 38th session of the two-week summer course on Nuclear Systems Safety. This was followed with the one-week course on "Risk Informed Operations of Nuclear Power Plants," directed by Professor Apostolicism. Also in June, Professor Goalie organized the 11th session of the four-week Reactor Technology Course for utility executives. Preparation A bachelor's degree in engineering is required for almost all entry-level engineering jobs. College graduates with a degree in a physical science, chemistry, or mathematics occasionally may qualify for some engineering jobs, especially in specialties in high demand. Most engineering degrees are granted in electrical, electronics, mechanical, chemical, civil, or materials engineering. However, engineers trained in one branch may work in related branches. For example, many aerospace engineers have training in mechanical engineering. This flexibility allows employers to meet staffing needs in new technologies and specialties in which engineers may be in short supply. It also allows engineers to shift to fields with better employment prospects or to those that more closely match their interests. Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and science. Most programs include a design course, sometimes accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both. A degree in Nuclear Engineering might include the following types of courses: engineering fundamentals in radiation production, interactions and measurement, design of nuclear systems, thermal-fluid engineering, electronics, and computer methods. * Hazardous material protective apparel - Ant contamination clothing * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear tools - nuclear wire line logging instruments * Personal computers * Desktop computers Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle-the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy-or on the development of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for naval vessels or spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, as in equipment used to diagnose and treat medical problems. Tasks? Nuclear engineers research, design and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants used to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle - the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy -- or on the production of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, such as equipment to diagnose and treat medical problems. Workplace? Nuclear engineers held about 16,000 jobs in the US 2002. Almost half were employed in utilities, one-quarter in professional, scientific, and technical services firms, and 14 percent in the federal government. Many federally employed nuclear engineers were civilian employees of the U.S. Navy, and others worked for the U.S. Department of Energy or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Team work and cooperation? Almost all jobs in engineering require some sort of interaction with coworkers. Whether they are working in a team situation, or just asking for advice, most engineers have to have the ability to communicate and work with other people. Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail-oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are important because engineers often interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering. Writing and presentation skills are also vital so engineers can share their research and experiences with colleagues through topical meetings, professional associations, and various publications. If you want to be a nuclear engineer know you know what you are going to do. Thank you. Nuclear power is an important part of the current energy balance. With advances in science and technology, nuclear energy is ever more regarded as an eminent part of the global energy-environment equation needed to satisfy growing demands for energy in a rapidly developing world. Undoubtedly nuclear energy, as well as other non-energy applications of nuclear science and technology, will continue and further increase their important role in serving society. Beginning engineering graduates usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers and, in large companies, also may receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. As new engineers gain knowledge and experience, they are assigned more difficult projects with greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions. Engineers may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff or team of engineers and technicians. Some may eventually become engineering managers or enter other managerial or sales jobs. In view of the ever more urgent environmental concerns related to power production using fossil fuels, it is clear that nuclear technology will play important role in future sustainable energy systems. The ongoing advances in nuclear science and technology play the central role in the development of future nuclear power systems, and are also crucial for how successfully we can handle the nuclear waste problem in a responsible manner. From this perspective, it is of vital importance to offer high quality education to the next generation of nuclear scientists and engineers. If you want to know how much it pays keep reading. The median salaries annual earnings of mining and physical engineers, including drawing out safety engineers, were $61,770 in 2002. The middle 50 percent earned between $48,250 and $77,160. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $36,720, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $93,660. A nuclear engineer makes about 60,000 a year but really it depends on where you live, if you live in Florida you earn up to a 120,000 a year. The MIT Nuclear Engineering Department (NED) is the premier US department in its field. This number-one ranking by U.S. News World Report and over many years has reflected the quality of scholarship by students and faculty in the department. Our educational activities have been highly productive this year. Graduate applications were at a 12-year high, with a strong entering class. Undergraduate enrollment also sustained its upward trend. Freshman elections to major nuclear engineering increased by 60%. In addition, the department took responsibility for several Institute-wide undergraduate courses, and individual faculty members contributed to teaching large undergraduate courses in electrical engineering and computer science and materials science and engineering. Research has remained dynamic, with substantial growth in research volume in fission, fusion, and radiation science and technology. The department led a process of envisioning the role of the MIT Nuclear Reactor and presented our vision of a national center in support of next-generation reactor research to the Department of Energy (DOE), where it was very positively received. Nuclear Engineering faculty and students represent the majority of the educational component of the Plasma Science and Fusion Center. The graduate student component of the Allocator Program was recognized for its high importance, both because of the students' contribution to research and as a source of highly skilled young scientists. Most companies have a career progression. They may hire a young man just out of college and he will have a Title. As he gets more experience, he will be promoted to a new title with a raise in pay. Here is how some companies rank their engineering staff. Â· Associate Engineer - maybe a temporary college student * Engineer - graduate of college * Senior Engineer - Experienced engineer * Project Engineer - Experience allows him to work a project without any supervision * Standards Engineer or Lead Engineer - has responsibility for the technical documents prepared by other engineers * Chief Engineer - Engineer of highest technical experience in his company or department. Probably has a Masters or for aircraft design a FAA D.E.R. license. * Many engineers gain experience and are promoted into Management. They can manage an engineering department or manage a project. That is considered moving out of the technical field into a field requiring management skills or education such as an MBA. The research efforts of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems (CANES) were organized into the following four programs: Advanced Reactor Technology; Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Economics; Enhanced Performance of Nuclear Power Plants; and Nuclear Energy and Sustainability. The center signed a three-year agreement with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission centered on Advanced Reactor Technology for $500,000 per year. The focus of that work will be on fuel and safety analysis of gas-cooled, high-temperature reactors, high-burn up light water reactor (LWR) fuel and risk-informing the regulation of advanced reactors. The first contracts from the newly established DOE program on Generation IV reactors were two signed by Professor Driscoll as the principal investigator. They address the development of materials testing and plant design of innovative CO2-cooled fast reactors. Professor Tories and Czerwinski started new projects supported by the Nuclear Energy Research Initiative Program (NERI). Two new projects were initiated with support from TEPCO: Professor Golan's investigation of seismic risk and Professor Kodak and Kasogi's investigation of the comparative performance of nuclear energy plants in the United States and Japan. Professor Kashmir, with support from Toshiba, initiated research on the design of boiling-water reactors that can operate for very long cycles (about 10 years) without refueling. Short reports on a few ongoing research projects are given below. Educational seminars were organized under the auspices of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems. A two-day seminar on "Advanced Reactors" was organized by Professor Tories in Beijing in January, jointly with the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology of Tsinghai University. Professor Kashmir convened a one-day colloquium on "High Burn up LWR Fuel" at MIT in January 2003. Both professors were among the organizers of a one-day symposium on "Advances in Heat Transfer" at MIT in May. In June they co directed the 38th session of the two-week summer course on Nuclear Systems Safety. This was followed with the one-week course on "Risk Informed Operations of Nuclear Power Plants," directed by Professor Apostolicism. Also in June, Professor Goalie organized the 11th session of the four-week Reactor Technology Course for utility executives. Preparation A bachelor's degree in engineering is required for almost all entry-level engineering jobs. College graduates with a degree in a physical science, chemistry, or mathematics occasionally may qualify for some engineering jobs, especially in specialties in high demand. Most engineering degrees are granted in electrical, electronics, mechanical, chemical, civil, or materials engineering. However, engineers trained in one branch may work in related branches. For example, many aerospace engineers have training in mechanical engineering. This flexibility allows employers to meet staffing needs in new technologies and specialties in which engineers may be in short supply. It also allows engineers to shift to fields with better employment prospects or to those that more closely match their interests. Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and science. Most programs include a design course, sometimes accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both. A degree in Nuclear Engineering might include the following types of courses: engineering fundamentals in radiation production, interactions and measurement, design of nuclear systems, thermal-fluid engineering, electronics, and computer methods. * Hazardous material protective apparel - Ant contamination clothing * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear tools - nuclear wire line logging instruments * Personal computers * Desktop computers Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle-the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy-or on the development of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for naval vessels or spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, as in equipment used to diagnose and treat medical problems. Tasks? Nuclear engineers research, design and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants used to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle - the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy -- or on the production of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, such as equipment to diagnose and treat medical problems. Workplace? Nuclear engineers held about 16,000 jobs in the US 2002. Almost half were employed in utilities, one-quarter in professional, scientific, and technical services firms, and 14 percent in the federal government. Many federally employed nuclear engineers were civilian employees of the U.S. Navy, and others worked for the U.S. Department of Energy or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Team work and cooperation? Almost all jobs in engineering require some sort of interaction with coworkers. Whether they are working in a team situation, or just asking for advice, most engineers have to have the ability to communicate and work with other people. Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail-oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are important because engineers often interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering. Writing and presentation skills are also vital so engineers can share their research and experiences with colleagues through topical meetings, professional associations, and various publications. If you want to be a nuclear engineer know you know what you are going to do. Thank you. Nuclear power is an important part of the current energy balance. With advances in science and technology, nuclear energy is ever more regarded as an eminent part of the global energy-environment equation needed to satisfy growing demands for energy in a rapidly developing world. Undoubtedly nuclear energy, as well as other non-energy applications of nuclear science and technology, will continue and further increase their important role in serving society. Beginning engineering graduates usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers and, in large companies, also may receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. As new engineers gain knowledge and experience, they are assigned more difficult projects with greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions. Engineers may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff or team of engineers and technicians. Some may eventually become engineering managers or enter other managerial or sales jobs. In view of the ever more urgent environmental concerns related to power production using fossil fuels, it is clear that nuclear technology will play important role in future sustainable energy systems. The ongoing advances in nuclear science and technology play the central role in the development of future nuclear power systems, and are also crucial for how successfully we can handle the nuclear waste problem in a responsible manner. From this perspective, it is of vital importance to offer high quality education to the next generation of nuclear scientists and engineers. If you want to know how much it pays keep reading. The median salaries annual earnings of mining and physical engineers, including drawing out safety engineers, were $61,770 in 2002. The middle 50 percent earned between $48,250 and $77,160. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $36,720, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $93,660. A nuclear engineer makes about 60,000 a year but really it depends on where you live, if you live in Florida you earn up to a 120,000 a year. The MIT Nuclear Engineering Department (NED) is the premier US department in its field. This number-one ranking by U.S. News World Report and over many years has reflected the quality of scholarship by students and faculty in the department. Our educational activities have been highly productive this year. Graduate applications were at a 12-year high, with a strong entering class. Undergraduate enrollment also sustained its upward trend. Freshman elections to major nuclear engineering increased by 60%. In addition, the department took responsibility for several Institute-wide undergraduate courses, and individual faculty members contributed to teaching large undergraduate courses in electrical engineering and computer science and materials science and engineering. Research has remained dynamic, with substantial growth in research volume in fission, fusion, and radiation science and technology. The department led a process of envisioning the role of the MIT Nuclear Reactor and presented our vision of a national center in support of next-generation reactor research to the Department of Energy (DOE), where it was very positively received. Nuclear Engineering faculty and students represent the majority of the educational component of the Plasma Science and Fusion Center. The graduate student component of the Allocator Program was recognized for its high importance, both because of the students' contribution to research and as a source of highly skilled young scientists. Most companies have a career progression. They may hire a young man just out of college and he will have a Title. As he gets more experience, he will be promoted to a new title with a raise in pay. Here is how some companies rank their engineering staff. Â· Associate Engineer - maybe a temporary college student * Engineer - graduate of college * Senior Engineer - Experienced engineer * Project Engineer - Experience allows him to work a project without any supervision * Standards Engineer or Lead Engineer - has responsibility for the technical documents prepared by other engineers * Chief Engineer - Engineer of highest technical experience in his company or department. Probably has a Masters or for aircraft design a FAA D.E.R. license. * Many engineers gain experience and are promoted into Management. They can manage an engineering department or manage a project. That is considered moving out of the technical field into a field requiring management skills or education such as an MBA. The research efforts of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems (CANES) were organized into the following four programs: Advanced Reactor Technology; Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Economics; Enhanced Performance of Nuclear Power Plants; and Nuclear Energy and Sustainability. The center signed a three-year agreement with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission centered on Advanced Reactor Technology for $500,000 per year. The focus of that work will be on fuel and safety analysis of gas-cooled, high-temperature reactors, high-burn up light water reactor (LWR) fuel and risk-informing the regulation of advanced reactors. The first contracts from the newly established DOE program on Generation IV reactors were two signed by Professor Driscoll as the principal investigator. They address the development of materials testing and plant design of innovative CO2-cooled fast reactors. Professor Tories and Czerwinski started new projects supported by the Nuclear Energy Research Initiative Program (NERI). Two new projects were initiated with support from TEPCO: Professor Golan's investigation of seismic risk and Professor Kodak and Kasogi's investigation of the comparative performance of nuclear energy plants in the United States and Japan. Professor Kashmir, with support from Toshiba, initiated research on the design of boiling-water reactors that can operate for very long cycles (about 10 years) without refueling. Short reports on a few ongoing research projects are given below. Educational seminars were organized under the auspices of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems. A two-day seminar on "Advanced Reactors" was organized by Professor Tories in Beijing in January, jointly with the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology of Tsinghai University. Professor Kashmir convened a one-day colloquium on "High Burn up LWR Fuel" at MIT in January 2003. Both professors were among the organizers of a one-day symposium on "Advances in Heat Transfer" at MIT in May. In June they co directed the 38th session of the two-week summer course on Nuclear Systems Safety. This was followed with the one-week course on "Risk Informed Operations of Nuclear Power Plants," directed by Professor Apostolicism. Also in June, Professor Goalie organized the 11th session of the four-week Reactor Technology Course for utility executives. Preparation A bachelor's degree in engineering is required for almost all entry-level engineering jobs. College graduates with a degree in a physical science, chemistry, or mathematics occasionally may qualify for some engineering jobs, especially in specialties in high demand. Most engineering degrees are granted in electrical, electronics, mechanical, chemical, civil, or materials engineering. However, engineers trained in one branch may work in related branches. For example, many aerospace engineers have training in mechanical engineering. This flexibility allows employers to meet staffing needs in new technologies and specialties in which engineers may be in short supply. It also allows engineers to shift to fields with better employment prospects or to those that more closely match their interests. Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and science. Most programs include a design course, sometimes accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both. A degree in Nuclear Engineering might include the following types of courses: engineering fundamentals in radiation production, interactions and measurement, design of nuclear systems, thermal-fluid engineering, electronics, and computer methods. * Hazardous material protective apparel - Ant contamination clothing * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear tools - nuclear wire line logging instruments * Personal computers * Desktop computers Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle-the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy-or on the development of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for naval vessels or spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, as in equipment used to diagnose and treat medical problems. Tasks? Nuclear engineers research, design and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants used to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle - the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy -- or on the production of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, such as equipment to diagnose and treat medical problems. Workplace? Nuclear engineers held about 16,000 jobs in the US 2002. Almost half were employed in utilities, one-quarter in professional, scientific, and technical services firms, and 14 percent in the federal government. Many federally employed nuclear engineers were civilian employees of the U.S. Navy, and others worked for the U.S. Department of Energy or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Team work and cooperation? Almost all jobs in engineering require some sort of interaction with coworkers. Whether they are working in a team situation, or just asking for advice, most engineers have to have the ability to communicate and work with other people. Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail-oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are important because engineers often interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering. Writing and presentation skills are also vital so engineers can share their research and experiences with colleagues through topical meetings, professional associations, and various publications. If you want to be a nuclear engineer know you know what you are going to do. Thank you.

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