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Each nucleon (proton or neutron) contributes about 1 Atomic Mass unit to the mass of the atom. The mass contribution of the electrons can be ignored, since it takes about 1800 of them to equal the mass of a nucleon and the heaviest elements known have around 1/15th that number of electrons.

So if you subtract the atomic number (number of protons) from the atomic mass rounded to the nearest whole number (number of nucleons), what's left is the number of neutrons.

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