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If it takes 11 ounces of chemical in 10 gallons of water to make a finished dilution of 05 How many ounces of chemical would it take to make 100 gallons of finished dilution at 05?
To find out how many ounces of chemical it would take to make 100 gallons of finished dilution at 0.5%, we can set up a proportion. Since 11 ounces of chemical are used in 10 gallons of water, we can establish the ratio of ounces of chemical to gallons of water as 11:10. By setting up a proportion and solving for x, we find that it would take 110 ounces of chemical to make 100 gallons of finished dilution at 0.5%.
Hypokalemia?
DefinitionHypokalemia is a lower-than-normal amount of potassium in the blood.Alternative NamesPotassium - low; Low blood potassiumCauses, incidence, and risk factorsPotassium is needed for cells, especially nerve and muscle cells, to function properly. You get potassium through food. The kidneys remove excess potassium in the urine to keep a proper balance of the mineral in the body.Hypokalemia is a metabolic disorder that occurs when the level of potassium in the blood drops too low.Possible causes of hypokalemia include:Certain antibiotics (carbenicillin, gentamicin, amphotericin B)Certain drugs, called diuretics, that can cause excess urinationDiarrhea (including the use of too many laxatives, which can cause diarrhea)Diseases that affect the kidney's ability to retain potassium (for example, Liddle syndrome, Cushing syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, Bartter syndrome, Fanconi syndrome)Eating disorders (such as bulimia)Eating large amounts of licorice or using products such as herbal teas and chewing tobaccos that contain licorice made with glycyrrhetinic acid (this substance is no longer used in licorice made in the United States)SweatingVomitingSymptomsA small drop in potassium usually doesn't cause symptoms. However, a big drop in the level can be life threatening.Symptoms of hypokalemia include:Abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias), especially in people with heart diseaseBreakdown of muscle fibers (rhabdomyolysis)ConstipationFatigueMuscle weakness or spasmsParalysis (which can include the lungs)Signs and testsYour health care provider will take a sample of your blood to check potassium levels.Other tests might include:Arterial blood gasBUN and creatininelevelElectrocardiogramBlood tests to checkglucose, magnesium, calcium, sodium, phosphorous, thyroxine, and aldosterone levelsTreatmentMild hypokalemia can be treated by taking potassium supplements by mouth. Persons with more severe cases may need to get potassium through a vein (intravenously).If you need to use diuretics, your doctor may switch you to a form that keeps potassium in the body (such as triamterene, amiloride, or spironolactone).One type of hypokalemia that causes paralysis occurs when there is too much thyroid hormone in the blood (thyrotoxic periodic paralysis). Treatment lowers the thyroid hormone level, and raises the potassium level in the blood.Expectations (prognosis)Taking potassium supplements can usually correct the problem. In severe cases, without proper treatment, a severe drop in potassium levels can lead to death.ComplicationsIn severe cases, patients can develop paralysis that can be life threatening. Hypokalemia also can lead to dangerous irregular heartbeat. Over time, lack of potassium can lead to kidney damage (hypokalemic nephropathy).Calling your health care providerCall your health care provider if you have been vomiting or have had excessive diarrhea, or if you are taking diuretics and have symptoms of hypokalemia.PreventionEating a diet rich in potassium can help prevent hypokalemia. Foods high in potassium include:BananasBranBrussels sproutsGranolaKiwiLima beansMilkOrangesPeachesPeanut butterPeas and beansTomatoesReferencesSeifter JL. Potassium disorders. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 118.Schaefer TJ, Wolford RW. Disorders of potassium. Emerg Med Clin North Am. August 2005;23:723-747.Lafrance JP, Leblanc M. Metabolic, electrolytes, and nutritional concerns in critical illness. Crit Care Clin. April 2005;21:305-327.Fukagawa M, Kurokawa K, Papadakis M. Fluid and electrolyte disorders. In Gonzales R, Ziegler R, eds. Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2007. New York, NY:McGraw-Hill, 2006.
What is 2.54E-05?
0.000025 move the decimal pt by 5 places to the left because it is e to the power negative 5.
Potassium test?
DefinitionThis test measures the amount of potassium in the blood. Potassium (K+) helps nerves and muscles communicate. It also helps move nutrients into cells and waste products out of cells.Potassium levels in the body are mainly controlled by the hormone aldosterone.See also: Aldosterone testAlternative NamesHypokalemia test; K+How the test is performedBlood is typically drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The site is cleaned with germ-killing medicine (antiseptic). The health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood.Next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. The blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. The elastic band is removed from your arm.Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding.In infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to puncture the skin and make it bleed. The blood collects into a small glass tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. A bandage may be placed over the area if there is any bleeding.How to prepare for the testThe health care provider may tell you to stop taking any drugs that may affect the test.Drugs that can increase potassium measurements include:Aminocaproic acidAntineoplastic drugsACE inhibitorsCertain diureticsEpinephrineHeparinHistamineIsoniazidMannitolSuccinylcholineDrugs that can decrease potassium measurements include:AcetazolamideAminosalicylic acidAmphotericin BCarbenicillinCisplatinCertain diureticsInsulinLaxativesPenicillin GPhenothiazinesSalicylatesSodium polystyrene sulfonateThe following factors can interfere with the test:Infusion of potassium-containing fluidsInfusion of glucose or insulinHow the test will feelWhen the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing.Why the test is performedThis test is routinely done as part of an electrolyte level test.Your doctor may order this test to diagnose or monitor kidney disease. The most common cause of high potassium levels is kidney disease.Because potassium is important to heart function, your doctor may order this test if you have signs of high blood pressure or heart problems. Small changes in potassium levels can have a big effect on the activity of nerves and muscles, especially the heart. Low levels of potassium cause increased heart muscle activity, which can lead to an irregular heartbeat. High levels cause decreased heart muscle activity. Either situation can lead to a heart attack in some cases.It may also be done if your doctor suspects metabolic acidosis (for example, caused by uncontrolled diabetes) or alkalosis (for example, caused by excess vomiting).Occasionally, the potassium test may be done in persons who are having an attack of paralysis.Normal ValuesThe normal range is 3.7 to 5.2 mEq/L.Note: mEq/L = milliequivalent per literWhat abnormal results meanHigh levels of potassium (hyperkalemia) may be due to:Addison's disease (rare)Blood transfusionCrushed tissue injuryHyperkalemic periodic paralysisHypoaldosteronism (very rare)Kidney failureMetabolic or respiratory acidosisRed blood cell destructionLow levels of potassium (hypokalemia) may be due to:Chronic diarrhea or use of laxativesCushing syndrome (rare)Diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide, and indapamideHyperaldosteronismHypokalemic periodic paralysisNot enough potassium in the dietRenal artery stenosisRenal tubular acidosis (rare)VomitingAdditional conditions under which the test may be performed:Acute adrenal crisisAcute bilateral obstructive uropathyAcute nephritic syndromeBulimiaChronic kidney failureCushing's diseaseCushing syndrome caused by adrenal tumorCushing syndrome - exogenousCushing syndrome - ectopicDiabetic ketoacidosisPrimary thrombocythemiaRenal tubular acidosis - distalRhabdomyolysisThyrotoxic periodic paralysisWhat the risks areThere is very little risk involved with having your blood taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others.Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include:Excessive bleedingFainting or feeling light-headedHematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)Special considerationsIf it is difficult to get the needle into the vein to take the blood sample, injury to the red blood cells may cause potassium to be released, causing a falsely high result.ReferencesSeifter JL. Potassium disorders. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 118.
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