Electrons
electrons
Electron orbitals refer to the regions within the atom where electrons have the highest probability of being found. Gold has 4 orbitals.
Electrons exist in the electron cloud that surrounds the nucleus of an atom. This cloud is made up of the various orbitals that hold the electrons. Orbitals are regions of space in which the probability of finding an electron is the highest. The electrons orbit the nucleus in these orbitals and can move from one orbital to another as they gain or lose energy. 1s Orbital: This orbital is closest to the nucleus and can hold up to two electrons. 2s Orbital: This orbital is farther away from the nucleus and can hold up to two electrons. 2p Orbitals: These orbitals are even farther away from the nucleus and can hold up to six electrons. 3s Orbital: This orbital is farthest away from the nucleus and can hold up to two electrons. 3p Orbitals: These orbitals are even farther away from the nucleus and can hold up to six electrons. 3d Orbitals: These orbitals are the farthest away from the nucleus and can hold up to ten electrons.These orbitals are filled in a specific order with the 1s orbital being filled first then the 2s 2p 3s 3p and finally the 3d orbitals. The electrons in the outermost orbitals are called valence electrons and are responsible for the chemical properties of the atom.
Electrons are most likely to be found within certain regions around the nucleus.
Regions where the probability of finding an electron is high.
Any discussion of the shapes of electron orbitals is necessarily imprecise, because a given electron, regardless of which orbital it occupies, can at any moment be found at any distance from the nucleus and in any direction due to the uncertainty principle. However, the electron is much more likely to be found in certain regions of the atom than in others. Given this, a boundary surface can be drawn so that the electron has a high probability to be found anywhere within the surface, and all regions outside the surface have low values. The precise placement of the surface is arbitrary, but any reasonably compact determination must follow a pattern specified by the behavior of ψ2, the square of the wavefunction. This boundary surface is what is meant when the "shape" of an orbital is mentioned. Generally speaking, the number n determines the size and energy of the orbital: as n increases, the size of the orbital increases. Also in general terms, determines an orbital's shape, and its orientation. However, since some orbitals are described by equations in complex numbers, the shape sometimes depends on also. The single s-orbitals () are shaped like spheres. For n=1 the sphere is "solid" (it is most dense at the center and fades exponentially outwardly), but for n=2 or more, each single s-orbital is composed of spherically symmetric surfaces which are nested shells (i.e., the "wave-structure" is radial, following a sinusoidal radial component as well). The s-orbitals for all n numbers are the only orbitals with an anti-node (a region of high wave function density) at the center of the nucleus. All other orbitals (p, d, f, etc.) have angular momentum, and thus avoid the nucleus (having a wave node at the nucleus). The three p-orbitals have the form of two ellipsoids with a point of tangency at the nucleus (sometimes referred to as a dumbbell). The three p-orbitals in each shell are oriented at right angles to each other, as determined by their respective values of . Four of the five d-orbitals look similar, each with four pear-shaped balls, each ball tangent to two others, and the centers of all four lying in one plane, between a pair of axes. Three of these planes are the xy-, xz-, and yz-planes, and the fourth has the centres on the x and y axes. The fifth and final d-orbital consists of three regions of high probability density: a torus with two pear-shaped regions placed symmetrically on its z axis. There are seven f-orbitals, each with shapes more complex than those of the d-orbitals. For each s, p, d, f and g set of orbitals, the set of orbitals which composes it forms a spherically symmetrical set of shapes. For non-s orbitals, which have lobes, the lobes point in directions so as to fill space as symmetrically as possible for number of lobes which exist. For example, the three p orbitals have six lobes which are oriented to each of the six primary directions of 3-D space; for the 5 d orbitals, there are a total of 18 lobes, in which again six point in primary directions, and the 12 additional lobes fill the 12 gaps which exist between each pairs of these 6 primary axes. The shapes of atomic orbitals in one-electron atom are related to 3-dimensional spherical harmonics
proton in nucleas, electron in regions of most probable location
Electron orbitals refer to the regions within the atom where electrons have the highest probability of being found. Gold has 4 orbitals.
1) Elements on the modern Periodic Table are arranged in order of increasing: (a) Atomic mass 5 As the elements of Group 17 are considered in order of increasing atomic number, there is an increase in: (1) Atomic radius 7) In the wave-mechanical model of the atom, orbitals are regions of the most probable locations of: (4) electrons 2 Which phrase describes an atom? (3) A negatively charged electron cloud surrounding a positively charged nucleus 3 Which total mass is the smallest? (1) The mass of 2 electrons
Oral cavity and stomach
Electron cloud or also called electron orbitals.
The mouth (by chewing) and the stomach (by gastric motion).
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