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It's beta decay. Actually, it's beta minus decay. A neutron in the nucleus of thorium-234 undergoes beta minus decay and changes into a proton with the subsequent release of an electron, an antineutrino and some energy. The transformation of a neutron in the thorium nucleus into that proton creates another element. You'll recall that the identity of an element is determined solely by the number of protons in its nucleus. And our thorium atom has now become a protractinium-234 atom. Links are provided below for more information.

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