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What is the first step of DNA replication?
1. Interphase: replication and growth of the chromosomes occur. 2. Prophase: the chromatin condenses to see the individual chromosomes and centrioles move toward the opposite poles of the cell and spindle fibers grow. 3. Metaphase: the chromosomes align in the center of the cell. 4. Anaphase: spindles attach to the chromosomes and split them in part towards the opposite poles. 5. Telophase: the cell begins to separate into to new daughter cells. 6. Cytokinesis: the nucleus begins to form and the cells are completely cut off from each other.
What are the steps of DNA replication?
1)The first major step for the DNA Replication to take place is the breaking of hydrogen bonds between bases of the two antiparallel strands. The unwounding of the two strands is the starting point. The splitting happens in places of the chains which are rich in A-T. That is because there are only two bonds between Adenine and Thymine (there are three hydrogen bonds between Cytosine and Guanine). Helicase is the enzyme that splits the two strands. The initiation point where the splitting starts is called "origin of replication".The structure that is created is known as "Replication Fork".2) One of the most important steps of DNA Replication is the binding of RNA Primase in the the initiation point of the 3'-5' parent chain. RNA Primase can attract RNA nucleotides which bind to the DNA nucleotides of the 3'-5' strand due to the hydrogen bonds between the bases. RNA nucleotides are the primers (starters) for the binding of DNA nucleotides.3) The elongation process is different for the 5'-3' and 3'-5' template.a)5'-3' Template: The 3'-5' proceeding daughter strand -that uses a 5'-3' template- is called leading strandbecause DNA Polymerase ä can "read" the template and continuously adds nucleotides (complementary to the nucleotides of the template, for example Adenine opposite to Thymine etc).b)3'-5'Template: The 3'-5' template cannot be "read" by DNA Polymerase ä. The replication of this template is complicated and the new strand is called lagging strand. In the lagging strand the RNA Primase adds more RNA Primers. DNA polymerase å reads the template and lengthens the bursts. The gap between two RNA primers is called "Okazaki Fragments".The RNA Primers are necessary for DNA Polymerase å to bind Nucleotides to the 3' end of them. The daughter strand is elongated with the binding of more DNA nucleotides.4) In the lagging strand the DNA Pol I-exonuclease- reads the fragments and removes the RNA Primers. The gaps are closed with the action of DNA Polymerase (adds complementary nucleotides to the gaps) and DNA Ligase (adds phosphate in the remaining gaps of the phosphate - sugar backbone).Each new double helix is consisted of one old and one new chain. This is what we call semiconservative replication.5) The last step of DNA Replication is the Termination. This process happens when the DNA Polymerase reaches to an end of the strands. We can easily understand that in the last section of the lagging strand, when the RNA primer is removed, it is not possible for the DNA Polymerase to seal the gap (because there is no primer). So, the end of the parental strand where the last primer binds isn't replicated. These ends of linear (chromosomal) DNA consists of noncoding DNA that contains repeat sequences and are called telomeres. As a result, a part of the telomere is removed in every cycle of DNA Replication.6) The DNA Replication is not completed before a mechanism of repair fixes possible errors caused during the replication. Enzymes like nucleases remove the wrong nucleotides and the DNA Polymerase fills the gaps.Similar processes also happen during the steps of DNA Replication of prokaryotes though there are some differences.
What is the simple sugar in DNA?
The simple sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, as the name, deoxyribonucleic acid, suggests. Unlike glucose, this sugar contains only 5 carbon atoms.
Is the 5 prime end of DNA charged?
Yes. The 5' end of a DNA strand ends in a phosphate group. At physiological pH values, this group has a charge of -2. The other phosphate groups along the sugar-phosphate backbone have a charge of -1 each.
What three things makes up a nucleic tides?
Nucleotides are the components from which nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are made. Each nucleotide consists of: * a 5 - carbon (pentose) sugar (ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA) * a nitrogen-containing base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine and uracil) * a phosphate group In DNA or RNA the phosphate groups link sugar molecules together to make up a polynucleotide. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide
What does the 5 and 3 mean in DNA?
In DNA, the numbers 5 and 3 refer to the carbon atoms in the sugar molecule of the DNA backbone. The 5 carbon is where the phosphate group attaches, and the 3 carbon is where the next nucleotide is added during DNA replication.
What is the significance of the 5 prime end in DNA replication?
The 5' prime end in DNA replication is significant because it is where the new DNA strand is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction. This ensures accurate copying of genetic information and proper functioning of the cell.
What is the significance of the 5' and 3' ends in DNA replication?
The 5' and 3' ends in DNA replication are significant because they determine the direction in which new DNA strands are synthesized. The 5' end is where a phosphate group is attached, and the 3' end is where a hydroxyl group is attached. This polarity dictates that DNA replication can only occur in a specific direction, from the 5' to the 3' end.
What is the significance of the 5' to 3' orientation in DNA replication?
The 5' to 3' orientation in DNA replication is significant because DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction. This means that the new DNA strand can only be synthesized in one direction, leading to the formation of a continuous leading strand and a discontinuous lagging strand during replication.
What is the significance of the 3' 5' DNA structure in the process of DNA replication?
The 3' 5' DNA structure is important in DNA replication because it determines the direction in which new DNA strands are synthesized. The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction, while the lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments in the opposite direction. This structure ensures accurate replication of the genetic material.
What is the difference between the 5' and 3' end in DNA replication?
In DNA replication, the 5' end refers to the end of the DNA strand where the phosphate group is attached to the 5th carbon of the sugar molecule, while the 3' end refers to the end where the hydroxyl group is attached to the 3rd carbon of the sugar molecule. This difference in orientation is important for the directionality of DNA synthesis during replication.
What is the significance of the 3' and 5' ends in DNA replication and transcription processes?
The 3' and 5' ends in DNA replication and transcription processes are significant because they determine the direction in which DNA is synthesized. In DNA replication, the new strand is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction, while in transcription, the RNA molecule is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction based on the template DNA strand. This directional synthesis is crucial for maintaining the genetic information and ensuring accurate replication and transcription processes.
What is the significance of the 5 prime and 3 prime ends in DNA replication?
The 5' and 3' ends of DNA are important in replication because DNA polymerase can only add new nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing DNA strand. This means that replication occurs in a specific direction, from the 5' to the 3' end. This ensures that the new DNA strand is synthesized in the correct orientation and maintains the genetic information accurately.
What is the significance of the DNA 3' and 5' prime ends in genetic sequencing and replication processes?
The 3' and 5' prime ends of DNA are important in genetic sequencing and replication because they determine the direction in which DNA is read and copied. The 3' end is where new nucleotides are added during replication, while the 5' end is where the reading and copying of DNA begins. This polarity ensures that DNA is accurately replicated and transcribed.
What is the significance of the 5' and 3' ends in DNA structure and function?
The 5' and 3' ends in DNA are important because they determine the direction in which genetic information is read and copied. The 5' end has a phosphate group attached to the 5th carbon of the sugar molecule, while the 3' end has a hydroxyl group attached to the 3rd carbon. This polarity is crucial for DNA replication and transcription processes.
What is the significance of the 5' and 3' ends in the DNA structure?
The 5' and 3' ends in DNA are important because they determine the direction in which genetic information is read and copied. The 5' end has a phosphate group attached to the 5th carbon of the sugar molecule, while the 3' end has a hydroxyl group attached to the 3rd carbon. This orientation is crucial for processes like DNA replication and transcription.
What is the significance of the 3' to 5' directionality in DNA replication?
The 3' to 5' directionality in DNA replication is significant because it allows for the accurate copying of genetic information. This directionality ensures that new DNA strands are synthesized in the correct order, maintaining the integrity and stability of the genetic code.
