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Protons are positively charged particles and they determine what element the atom is. It doesnt matter how many elecrons or neutrons it has. If you have a number of protons and match it to the corresponding atomic number on the Periodic Table, you can classify it as that element.

Neutrons mainly stabilize the atom and have the same Atomic Mass as protons. The heavier the atom is, the more neutrons are required to stabalise it. Hence, large atoms such as uranium are very unstable.

Electrons allow the atoms to bond to each other and take part in chemical reactions. Chemestry is almost completely based around electron exchange.

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