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Why does reducing solute particle size increase the speed at which the solute dissolves in water?
It exposes more of the solute surface to the water molecules.
What is a solution composed of?
A solution is composed of a solvent (usually the majority component) and a solute (dissolved substance). The solvent dissolves the solute to create a homogeneous mixture with uniform composition throughout. Additionally, solutions can sometimes contain additives such as stabilizers or preservatives.
A solute makes the freezing point of a solution lower than the freezing point of the pure solvent because?
The phenomenon you're describing is generally referred to as freezing-point depression, the lowering of the freeze point of a liquid (or solvent) by adding another compound. Freezing point depression is a phenomenon driven by entropic changes in the system containing solvent and solute. As the system is frozen, the solvent forms crystals of high purity regardless of solute molecules being present while solvent crystallizes. Replacement of any solute in the crystal with a solvent molecule takes place spontaneously, since the inability of solute molecules to fit well into the ordered crystal makes the solute-solvent substitution thermodynamically favorable. As the freezing proceeds, solvent molecules continue to leave the liquid state and incorporate into the solid crystal, with each such occurrence leaving behind a smaller volume of liquid in which solute molecules can occupy. The shrinking of liquid volume occupied by a fixed number of solute molecules reduces the dispersion of solute molecules in the liquid, resulting in a reduction of entropy of the solute molecules. Thus, additional energy is required to match the reduced entropy of the solute molecules with that of the solid solvent crystal. The energy required (versus pure solvent) to gap the entropic difference (thus difference in chemical potential) to establish equilibrium but at a freezing temperature lower than that of the pure substance. Note that at low solute concentrations, freezing point depression is a property that depends solely of the number of solute particles and physical properties of the solute. Such properties are called colligative properties.
What opposing processes occur in saturated solution?
In a saturated solution, two opposing processes occur: dissolution of solute (solid) into the solvent (liquid) and precipitation of solute from the solution. When the rate of dissolution equals the rate of precipitation, the solution is said to be saturated, meaning it contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute at a given temperature.
What are the three factors to determine if solvation will occur?
The three factors that determine if solvation will occur are the polarity of the solute and solvent, the intermolecular forces between solute and solvent molecules, and the temperature at which the solvation process takes place.
How does the solution process occur?
The solution process occurs when a solute dissolves in a solvent to form a homogeneous mixture at the molecular level. This process involves the breaking of intermolecular forces between solute molecules and the breaking of solvent-solvent interactions, followed by the formation of new solute-solvent interactions. The solute particles are surrounded and dispersed throughout the solvent, resulting in a solution.
Why does reducing solute particle size increase the speed at which the solute dissolves in water?
It exposes more of the solute surface to the water molecules.
What is a solution composed of?
A solution is composed of a solvent (usually the majority component) and a solute (dissolved substance). The solvent dissolves the solute to create a homogeneous mixture with uniform composition throughout. Additionally, solutions can sometimes contain additives such as stabilizers or preservatives.
A solute makes the freezing point of a solution lower than the freezing point of the pure solvent because?
The phenomenon you're describing is generally referred to as freezing-point depression, the lowering of the freeze point of a liquid (or solvent) by adding another compound. Freezing point depression is a phenomenon driven by entropic changes in the system containing solvent and solute. As the system is frozen, the solvent forms crystals of high purity regardless of solute molecules being present while solvent crystallizes. Replacement of any solute in the crystal with a solvent molecule takes place spontaneously, since the inability of solute molecules to fit well into the ordered crystal makes the solute-solvent substitution thermodynamically favorable. As the freezing proceeds, solvent molecules continue to leave the liquid state and incorporate into the solid crystal, with each such occurrence leaving behind a smaller volume of liquid in which solute molecules can occupy. The shrinking of liquid volume occupied by a fixed number of solute molecules reduces the dispersion of solute molecules in the liquid, resulting in a reduction of entropy of the solute molecules. Thus, additional energy is required to match the reduced entropy of the solute molecules with that of the solid solvent crystal. The energy required (versus pure solvent) to gap the entropic difference (thus difference in chemical potential) to establish equilibrium but at a freezing temperature lower than that of the pure substance. Note that at low solute concentrations, freezing point depression is a property that depends solely of the number of solute particles and physical properties of the solute. Such properties are called colligative properties.
What opposing processes occur in saturated solution?
In a saturated solution, two opposing processes occur: dissolution of solute (solid) into the solvent (liquid) and precipitation of solute from the solution. When the rate of dissolution equals the rate of precipitation, the solution is said to be saturated, meaning it contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute at a given temperature.
What are the three factors to determine if solvation will occur?
The three factors that determine if solvation will occur are the polarity of the solute and solvent, the intermolecular forces between solute and solvent molecules, and the temperature at which the solvation process takes place.
Why would a substance dissolving in one solvent but not in another?
A substance may dissolve in one solvent but not in another due to differences in polarity, intermolecular forces, or chemical interactions between the solute and solvent molecules. The solute must be compatible with the solvent at a molecular level in order for dissolution to occur.
The change in the freezing point of a solvent by the addition of a solute is called?
The change in the freezing point of a solvent by the addition of a solute is called freezing point depression. This phenomenon occurs because the presence of the solute disrupts the crystal lattice formation of the solvent, requiring a lower temperature for freezing to occur.
What are facts about solubility?
Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent to form a homogeneous solution. Factors affecting solubility include temperature, pressure, and the nature of the solute and solvent. Solubility is often expressed in terms of grams of solute per 100 grams of solvent at a specific temperature. The solubility of a substance can be influenced by the polarity of the molecules involved and the presence of any chemical reactions that may occur during dissolution.
What property of a particular solute towards a solvent is necessary for recrystallization to occur?
The solute must be more soluble in the solvent at a higher temperature than at a lower temperature, allowing for the solute to dissolve completely at a higher temperature and then recrystallize as the solution cools. This property is known as solubility.
When does a solution occur?
A solution occurs when a solute (substance being dissolved) is evenly dispersed in a solvent (the dissolving medium) to form a homogeneous mixture. This process typically happens when the intermolecular forces between the solute and solvent are strong enough to overcome the forces holding the solute particles together.
The solute molecules mixed with the solvent molecules in a solution cause the of a solution to be higher than it is for an equal volume of pure solvent?
Raoult's Law and Vapor Pressure LoweringWhen a nonvolatile solute is added to a liquid to form a solution, the vapor pressure above that solution decreases. To understand why that might occur, let's analyze the vaporization process of the pure solvent then do the same for a solution. Liquid molecules at the surface of a liquid can escape to the gas phase when they have a sufficient amount of energy to break free of the liquid's intermolecular forces. That vaporization process is reversible. Gaseous molecules coming into contact with the surface of a liquid can be trapped by intermolecular forces in the liquid. Eventually the rate of escape will equal the rate of capture to establish a constant, equilibrium vapor pressure above the pure liquid.If we add a nonvolatile solute to that liquid, the amount of surface area available for the escaping solvent molecules is reduced because some of that area is occupied by solute particles. Therefore, the solvent molecules will have a lower probability to escape the solution than the pure solvent. That fact is reflected in the lower vapor pressure for a solution relative to the pure solvent. That statement is only true if the solvent is nonvolatile. If the solute has its own vapor pressure, then the vapor pressure of the solution may be greater than the vapor pressure of the solvent.Note that we did not need to identify the nature of the solvent or the solute (except for its lack of volatility) to derive that the vapor pressure should be lower for a solution relative to the pure solvent. That is what makes vapor pressure lowering a colligative property--it only depends on the number of dissolved solute particles.summarizes our discussion so far. On the surface of the pure solvent (shown on the left) there are more solvent molecules at the surface than in the right-hand solution flask. Therefore, it is more likely that solvent molecules escape into the gas phase on the left than on the right. Therefore, the solution should have a lower vapor pressure than the pure solvent.Figure %: The Vapor Pressure of a Solution is Lower than that of the Pure Solvent
