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What does not occur when a solid solute dissolves in a liquid solvent?
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∙ 12y ago
attractions between the solute and solvent particles remain static.
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∙ 12y ago
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What is a solution composed of?
A solution is a mixture of two or more substances in the same physical state, especially where one substance is held in a different phase state within another. The substance which maintains its phase is the solvent, and the dissolved substance is the solute. the combination is a mixture because no chemical reactions occur between the substances. Gas phase solvents can only dissolve other gases. Liquid phase solvents can dissolve any of the three phases (solid, liquid, gas). Solids solvents can dissolve any of the three phases, but there are fewer instances in number (hydrogen or liquid mercury in metals, and alloys which are technically solutions). The solution form can have a different melting / freezing point than the separate elements or compounds.
The solute molecules mixed with the solvent molecules in a solution cause the of a solution to be higher than it is for an equal volume of pure solvent?
Raoult's Law and Vapor Pressure LoweringWhen a nonvolatile solute is added to a liquid to form a solution, the vapor pressure above that solution decreases. To understand why that might occur, let's analyze the vaporization process of the pure solvent then do the same for a solution. Liquid molecules at the surface of a liquid can escape to the gas phase when they have a sufficient amount of energy to break free of the liquid's intermolecular forces. That vaporization process is reversible. Gaseous molecules coming into contact with the surface of a liquid can be trapped by intermolecular forces in the liquid. Eventually the rate of escape will equal the rate of capture to establish a constant, equilibrium vapor pressure above the pure liquid.If we add a nonvolatile solute to that liquid, the amount of surface area available for the escaping solvent molecules is reduced because some of that area is occupied by solute particles. Therefore, the solvent molecules will have a lower probability to escape the solution than the pure solvent. That fact is reflected in the lower vapor pressure for a solution relative to the pure solvent. That statement is only true if the solvent is nonvolatile. If the solute has its own vapor pressure, then the vapor pressure of the solution may be greater than the vapor pressure of the solvent.Note that we did not need to identify the nature of the solvent or the solute (except for its lack of volatility) to derive that the vapor pressure should be lower for a solution relative to the pure solvent. That is what makes vapor pressure lowering a colligative property--it only depends on the number of dissolved solute particles.summarizes our discussion so far. On the surface of the pure solvent (shown on the left) there are more solvent molecules at the surface than in the right-hand solution flask. Therefore, it is more likely that solvent molecules escape into the gas phase on the left than on the right. Therefore, the solution should have a lower vapor pressure than the pure solvent.Figure %: The Vapor Pressure of a Solution is Lower than that of the Pure Solvent
When does reverse osmosis occur?
Reverse Osmosis does not occur naturally. It works by using pressure to force a solution through a membrane, retaining the solute on one side and allowing the pure solvent to pass to the other side.
Difference between osmosis and diffusion?
Diffusion is the movement of substance (anything- solid ,liquid, gas, etc.) from a higher concentration gradient to a lower concentration gradient.Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from higher concentration gradient to a lower concentration gradient through a partially permeable membraneSo the difference is that diffusion involves movement of any particles/ substance (e.g. solid, liquid, gas) while osmosis can only occur with water.Another one is that diffusion can occur with or without a membrane but osmosis can only occur with a membrane.Hope this helps. :)
Explain why the temperature of water might increase when a solution forms?
Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a liquid solvent to form a homogeneous solution. The solubility of a substance strongly depends on the used solvent as well as on temperature and pressure. The extent of the solubility of a substance in a specific solvent is measured as the saturation concentration where adding more solute does not increase the concentration of the solution. The solvent is generally a liquid, which can be a pure substance or a mixture.[1] One also speaks of solid solution, but rarely of solution in a gas (see vapor-liquid equilibrium instead) The extent of solubility ranges widely, from infinitely soluble (fully miscible[2] ) such as ethanol in water, to poorly soluble, such as silver chloride in water. The term insoluble is often applied to poorly or very poorly soluble compounds.
What property of a particular solute towards a solvent is necessary for recrystallization to occur?
The coolness of the solution causes recrystallization. This is because the solute becomes solid at a higher temperature than the solvent.
What is a solution composed of?
A solution is a mixture of two or more substances in the same physical state, especially where one substance is held in a different phase state within another. The substance which maintains its phase is the solvent, and the dissolved substance is the solute. the combination is a mixture because no chemical reactions occur between the substances. Gas phase solvents can only dissolve other gases. Liquid phase solvents can dissolve any of the three phases (solid, liquid, gas). Solids solvents can dissolve any of the three phases, but there are fewer instances in number (hydrogen or liquid mercury in metals, and alloys which are technically solutions). The solution form can have a different melting / freezing point than the separate elements or compounds.
The solute molecules mixed with the solvent molecules in a solution cause the of a solution to be higher than it is for an equal volume of pure solvent?
Raoult's Law and Vapor Pressure LoweringWhen a nonvolatile solute is added to a liquid to form a solution, the vapor pressure above that solution decreases. To understand why that might occur, let's analyze the vaporization process of the pure solvent then do the same for a solution. Liquid molecules at the surface of a liquid can escape to the gas phase when they have a sufficient amount of energy to break free of the liquid's intermolecular forces. That vaporization process is reversible. Gaseous molecules coming into contact with the surface of a liquid can be trapped by intermolecular forces in the liquid. Eventually the rate of escape will equal the rate of capture to establish a constant, equilibrium vapor pressure above the pure liquid.If we add a nonvolatile solute to that liquid, the amount of surface area available for the escaping solvent molecules is reduced because some of that area is occupied by solute particles. Therefore, the solvent molecules will have a lower probability to escape the solution than the pure solvent. That fact is reflected in the lower vapor pressure for a solution relative to the pure solvent. That statement is only true if the solvent is nonvolatile. If the solute has its own vapor pressure, then the vapor pressure of the solution may be greater than the vapor pressure of the solvent.Note that we did not need to identify the nature of the solvent or the solute (except for its lack of volatility) to derive that the vapor pressure should be lower for a solution relative to the pure solvent. That is what makes vapor pressure lowering a colligative property--it only depends on the number of dissolved solute particles.summarizes our discussion so far. On the surface of the pure solvent (shown on the left) there are more solvent molecules at the surface than in the right-hand solution flask. Therefore, it is more likely that solvent molecules escape into the gas phase on the left than on the right. Therefore, the solution should have a lower vapor pressure than the pure solvent.Figure %: The Vapor Pressure of a Solution is Lower than that of the Pure Solvent
What can condensing separate?
Yes. Evaporation of the solvent will leave behind the solute. Evaporation can take a long time, depending on the amount of solvent. If you place a mixture in a low temperature laboratory incubator or laboratory oven, the solvent will evaporate at a faster rate. You could also boil the mixture, but sometimes splashes occur which remove both the solute and the solvent.
What of suspension mixtures?
Suspensions occur when a liquid has reached a total saturation point and can no longer dissolve a substance into the liquid. The solvent is then suspended in the solution
What factors affecting the rate of dissolving?
What factors affect the rate of dissolvingHow quickly a substance dissolves in a solvent is unknown. A teaspoon of table sugar will dissolve rapidly in a hot drink. The same amount of sugar will take much more time to dissolve in a glass of ice water. Similarly, table salt dissolves rapidly in water at room temperature. Large pieces of salt, like those used in home water softeners, dissolve much more slowly, which makes this type of salt ideal for use over long periods. The rate of dissolving is affected by three main factors:StirringTemperatureParticle SizeStirring Stirring a solution increases the rate at which a solute dissolves in a solvent. For example, you may have tried to make a soft drink by dissolving flavor crystals in a pitcher of water. The flavor crystals are the solute and water is the solvent. If the package of flavor crystals is poured into the water, dissolving begins, but clumps of powder may remain. To speed up the process, you probably used a spoon to stir the water with the flavour crystals. This results in a more uniform arrangement of flavor crystals and water particles makes dissolving occur more quickly. You can actually see the flavor crystals being stirred until they dissolve in the water. The end result is a solution, as all parts of the soft drink mixture look the same. Temperature Temperature affects the speed at which particles move. Particles move more rapidly at higher temperatures, as heat is transferred by the movement of the particles. Since the rate of dissolving depends on solute particles bumping into solvent particles, when the particles move more rapidly, more solvent and solute particles will bump into one another. In addition, the solvent particles at the edge of a piece of solute will more rapidly carry away the solute particles that they meet. This will quickly spread the solute particles throughout the solvent. With increasing temperature, most solutes dissolve more rapidly in most solvents. This explains, for example, why a teaspoon of sugar dissolves more quickly in a cup of hot tea then in a glass of iced tea.Particle Size Particle size also affects the rate of dissolving. Large particles take longer to dissolve than smaller particles of the same substance. For example, sugar cubes dissolve more slowly than granular sugar, and rock salt dissolves more slowly than table salt. Solvent particles must bump into solute particles for dissolving to occur. Particles of a solvent will contact solute particles at the surface of a clump or crystal of solute particles. Therefore, large pieces of a solute must be broken apart to enable solvent particles to come in contact with solute particles.
What does heating a liquid do to its dissolving process?
As temperature increases, so does the kinetic energy and overall movement of the molecules in a solution. This resulting increase in movement causes an increased rate of collisions between molecules and therefore the solute breaks down faster.
When does reverse osmosis occur?
Reverse Osmosis does not occur naturally. It works by using pressure to force a solution through a membrane, retaining the solute on one side and allowing the pure solvent to pass to the other side.
Difference between osmosis and diffusion?
Diffusion is the movement of substance (anything- solid ,liquid, gas, etc.) from a higher concentration gradient to a lower concentration gradient.Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from higher concentration gradient to a lower concentration gradient through a partially permeable membraneSo the difference is that diffusion involves movement of any particles/ substance (e.g. solid, liquid, gas) while osmosis can only occur with water.Another one is that diffusion can occur with or without a membrane but osmosis can only occur with a membrane.Hope this helps. :)
Water dissolves a wide variety of substances. Therefore it is a?
universal solvent, meaning that it has the ability to dissolve many different types of solutes. This is due to its unique molecular structure and polarity, allowing it to form hydrogen bonds with other molecules. Water's solvent properties are essential for numerous biological and chemical processes to occur in our everyday lives.
What is the material that dissolves?
Substances dissolve if their polarity and the polarity of the solvent, allow for a solvation (surrounded by solvent molecules), or dissociation (dissociate into smaller parts, ions, or radicals) of the solute to occur. This will only happen if it is a lower energy state for the particles to be dissociated or solvated.
Explain why the temperature of water might increase when a solution forms?
Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a liquid solvent to form a homogeneous solution. The solubility of a substance strongly depends on the used solvent as well as on temperature and pressure. The extent of the solubility of a substance in a specific solvent is measured as the saturation concentration where adding more solute does not increase the concentration of the solution. The solvent is generally a liquid, which can be a pure substance or a mixture.[1] One also speaks of solid solution, but rarely of solution in a gas (see vapor-liquid equilibrium instead) The extent of solubility ranges widely, from infinitely soluble (fully miscible[2] ) such as ethanol in water, to poorly soluble, such as silver chloride in water. The term insoluble is often applied to poorly or very poorly soluble compounds.
