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Just a disclaimer, I haven't studied this in a little while, so some information be a tad inaccurate, but that is what Google is for. A group of elements goes in columns along the Periodic Table. Besides groups having specific names, all elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons, which are the electrons on the outermost 'ring' around the nucleus. For example, take the element Sodium, which has 11 total electrons. The first ring carries 2 electrons, and the rings from then on carry 8. So, 2+8=10, leaving 1 (11-10) electrons on the outermost shell. There is your number of valence electrons. Naturally, elements want a complete electron shell, which means a full set of 8 electrons. This plays into the ways element groups react with others. Group 1, the alkali metals, react well with group 17, the halogens.

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