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Since this answer was first posted in chemistry, you may want to follow the nearby link to an excellent paper on what happens when a wine oxidizes. Wine lovers may read on. Unless we're talking about Sherry, Madeira, or perhaps Marsalla, the only role oxidation plays in wine making is that of the villain. Oxidation (which is not the same thing as oxygenation, which is desirable in the early stages of beer brewing) is almost always bad. Notable exceptions are in the making of some Sherry and Madeira, the latter being cooked a bit to cause oxidation of the wine. Oxidation imparts a taste that is difficult to describe but is, curiously, desirable in some sweeter Sherry wines and in Madeira. Not too surprisingly, oxidation in other wines is also called, somewhat euphemistically, "maderization." Once you've tasted Sherry and Madeira, you will be able to recognize the notes and tastes of undesirable oxidation in other wines (and even some liqueurs). Another sign is an unattractive darkening of the wine. Oxidation is not as offensive in sweet wines, but if you have a dry wine that has oxidized, well, then the only recourse is to invert the open bottle over the kitchen sink.

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