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A chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more electrons, especially pairs of electrons, between atoms. O=O in molecular oxygen or H2C=CH2 in ethylene), two; in triple bonds (e.g., HCºCH in acetylene) In coordinate covalent bonds, additional electron pairs are shared with another atom, usually forming a functional group, such as sulfate (SO4) or phosphate (PO4). The number of bonds and the atoms participating in each (including any additional paired electrons) give molecules their configuration; the slight negative and positive charges at the opposite ends of a covalent bond are the reason most molecules have some polarity Carbon in organic compounds can have as many as four single bonds, each pointing to one vertex of a tetrahedron; as a result, certain molecules exist in mirror-image forms (see optical activityhttp://www.answers.com/topic/optical-activity%29. Double bonds are rigid, leading to the possibility of geometric isomers (see isomerism). Some types of bonds, such as the amide linkages that join the amino acids in peptideshttp://www.answers.com/topic/peptides and protienshttp://www.answers.com/topic/proteins (peptide bonds), are apparently single but have some double-bond characteristics because of the electronic structure of the participating atoms.

The configurations of enzymeshttp://www.answers.com/topic/enzymes and their substrates, determined by their covalent bonds (particularly the peptide bonds) and hydrogen bonds, are crucial to the reactions they participate in, which are fundamental to all life.

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