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semiconductor materials are crystals created by atomic bonds through which the valence

band of the atoms are ¯lled with 8 electrons through sharing of an electron from each of

four nearest neighbor atoms. These materials include semiconductors composed of a single

atomic species, with the basic atom having four electrons in its valence band (supplemented

by covalent bonds to four neighboring atoms to complete the valence band). These elemental

semiconductors therefore use atoms from group IV of the atomic chart. Other semiconductor

materials are composed of two atoms, one from group N (N < 4) and the other from

group M (M >4) with N + M = 8, ¯lling the valence bands with 8 electrons.

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