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Early matchstick makers used to use white phosphorous, which was explosive and dangerous. Modern matches use a mixture containing red phosphorous instead, which burns more slowly and much cleaner.

Strike-anywhere matches use phosphorus sesquisulfide, mixed with other minerals (such as potassium chlorate) so that it's still reasonably safe: it requires a vigorous rubbing motion to ignite, so it won't just ignite from rubbing against other match heads while sitting in the box.

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