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The lanthanides, the inner transition metals from 57La through 71Lu.

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Which energy sublevel is being filled by the elements Y to Cd?

The elements Y (Yttrium) to Cd (Cadmium) are filling the 4d energy sublevel. This range includes the transition metals from Yttrium (atomic number 39) to Cadmium (atomic number 48), where the 4d orbitals are progressively filled with electrons.


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There are several such elements. All of them are in group 13. Those elements are boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium.


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When the atomic number increases, the number of protons in the nucleus also increases. Since atoms are electrically neutral, the number of electrons in the atom would also increase to match the number of protons, maintaining a balanced charge.


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Increase


What major change occurs as you move from left to right across periodic table?

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If the valence electrons are being added to the 4f orbitals, that means the element is lanthanides or actinides which further proves that the element is a heavy element and a member of f -block.


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Why does the metallic character of the elements in a family increase as you move from top to bottom in ther periodic table?

The metallic character of elements in a family increases as you move from top to bottom in the periodic table because atomic size increases, and the outermost electrons are farther away from the nucleus. This leads to weaker attraction between the nucleus and outer electrons, making it easier for the outer electrons to be lost and exhibit metallic properties.