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Fuses are designed to carry safe amounts of electrical current and to rapidly break the circuit when current becomes too intense. Metals, because their valence electrons are not constrained, are good electrical conductors. As current is increased, resistance to electron flow causes the metal to heat and then to melt, breaking the electric circuit, and preventing damage to anything other than the fuse.

Carbon is also a good conductor. But as current increases and it becomes hot its resistance decreases. So it does not offer protection to the rest of the circuit.

Other materials, glass, ceramics, polymers, and semiconductors do not have free electrons and either insulators or poor conductors so they don't work as well in high current circuits.

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