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Why does a high temperature favor a nucleophilic elimination over nucleophilic substitution?
A high temperature increases the energy of the system, allowing for more kinetic energy that promotes elimination reactions over substitution reactions. In elimination reactions, the leaving group is expelled with the nucleophile attacking the electrophilic center simultaneously. In contrast, in substitution reactions, the nucleophile replaces the leaving group directly.
What is the chemical equation for the reaction Cl2 and hexene?
The reaction between Cl2 and hexene would yield several products depending on the conditions, but a possible equation could be: Cl2 + C6H12 → C6H11Cl + HCl
The formation of what would be favored by the addition of heat?
Many chemical reactions are favored by heat.
How will you prepare hexyne from ethyne?
1. Explain with suitable examples: a) Both chlorobenzene and chloroethene do not undergo substitution reactions under ordinary conditions with NaOH. b) Carbonyl group of benzaldehyde is less reactive towards nucleophilic addition reactions than the carbonyl group of ethanal. 2. Write the product (s) and mechanism for the following reactions: (5) 3. How would you carry out following conversions? a) Ethene to oxirane b) Benzyl magnesium chloride to 3-phenylpropanol c) Propene to glycerol d) Benzaldehyde to 3-phenylpropenoic acid e) Ethanol to trichloromethane (5) 4. a) How would you differentiate between different classes of alcohols? b) Give two reduction methods which can convert a carbonyl compound to an alkane.
What are the different types of organic reaction?
Addition Reactions - involve the conversion of a π bond into 2 new σ bonds General form: A + B → C Eg. CH3-CH=CH-CH3 + HCl → CH3-CH2-CHCl-CH3 Substitution Reactions - involve the no change in bonding - one σ bond replaces another General form: A + B → C + D Eg. CH3-CHBr-CH2-CH3 + KOH(aq) → CH3-CH(OH)-CH2-CH3 + KBr Elimination Reactions - reverse of addition, in that two σ bonds are lost, replaced by a new π bond General form: A → B + C Eg. CH3-CH(OH)-CH2-CH3 -- conc. H2SO4 --> CH3-CH=CH-CH3 + H2O Rearrangement / Isomerisation - process in which a single substance changes structure, A → B. Such a reaction may involve changes in bond / type, though this is not necessary. These reactions are comparatively rare. Eg. CH3-CH2-CH2-C(OH)=CH2 → CH3-CH2-CH2-C(=O)-CH3 These are the four "prototypical" reactions, though several others which can be categorised as one of these are generally referred to by other names. Eg. CH3-CH(OH)-CH3 -- H2SO4 / K2Cr2O7 --> CH3-C(=O)-CH3 could be described as an elimination reaction, but would usually be called an oxidation Eg. CH3-C(=O)-CH3 -- 1. LiAlH4 2. H^+ / H2O --> CH3-CH(OH)-CH3 could be described as a (nucleophilic) addition reaction, but would usually be called a reduction Eg. CH3-C(=O)-OH + CH3-OH -- H2SO4 / Δ / reflux --> CH3-C(=O)-O-CH3 + H2O could be described as a substitution reaction, but would usually be called a condensation Another important category of organic reactions are straight-forward Lowry-Bronsted acid-base reactions: Eg. (CH3-CH2)3N + HCl → (CH3-CH2)3NH^+ + Cl^- Note that there are also some reactions that are difficult to characterise in a simple way, like the following reactions requiring catalysis: stilbene + ethylene → styrene C6H5-CH=CH-C6H5 + CH2=CH2 → 2 C6H5-CH=CH2 but-1-yne + water → butanone CH3-CH2-C≡CH + H2O → CH3-CH2-C(=O)-CH3 (this is actually an addition reaction followed by an isomerisation) CH3-CH2-C(=O)-CH3 + NH2-OH → CH3-CH2-C(=N-OH)-CH3 + H2O the pinacol to pinacolone rearrangement CH3-C(CH3)(OH)-C(CH3)(OH)-CH3 → CH3-C(CH3)2-C(=O)-CH3 which is an elimination reaction that involves an isomerisation ... I add these last few just to illustrate that the general types are a useful tool / guide for understanding organic chemistry, but they are not the be-all and end-all.
How do you write the nucleophilic substitution reactions for aniline and toluene?
aniline would go through an electrophilic substitution, it is a weak base
Why does a high temperature favor a nucleophilic elimination over nucleophilic substitution?
A high temperature increases the energy of the system, allowing for more kinetic energy that promotes elimination reactions over substitution reactions. In elimination reactions, the leaving group is expelled with the nucleophile attacking the electrophilic center simultaneously. In contrast, in substitution reactions, the nucleophile replaces the leaving group directly.
Is C2H2 planer?
C6H12 is a tetahedral since c will be your central atom and your atom would have four bonds not three
What is the chemical equation for the reaction Cl2 and hexene?
The reaction between Cl2 and hexene would yield several products depending on the conditions, but a possible equation could be: Cl2 + C6H12 → C6H11Cl + HCl
The formation of what would be favored by the addition of heat?
Many chemical reactions are favored by heat.
Is the saturation of benzene the same to the other unsaturated hydro carbons?
As posed, the question makes no sense on several levels. Benzene is not saturated although it is far less reactive than would be expected for an unsaturated compound due to delocalisation of the electrons. I am unsure what you mean by asking if saturation and "unsaturation" are the same.
Would it be valid to conclude that if a base were added the rate of the reaction would slow down?
No, it is not valid to conclude that the addition of a base would slow down a reaction.
How would you describe a situation in which substitution occurs?
Substitution can occur in a great many different situations. Substitution usually occurs when someone is scheduled to teach for example and becomes sick.
What is nonpolar solvent?
For nonpolar substances, anything that is symmetrical is nonpolar, so something likeHexane (C6H12) or any other hydrocarbon would work.
What is the outcome of substituting the keyword "substitution" in the given question?
The outcome of replacing the keyword "substitution" in the question would be a change in the focus or subject matter of the question.
Change of player any time during the game?
That would be a substitution
What is the smallest change in DNA that causes a protein to change.?
A single change in the primary sequence of bases can result in complete misfolding of proteins. The most likely serious change would be addition or deletion of a base, a substitution would be less likey to be as serious but can also render a protein inactive.
