in reinforced concrete design
Working stress method of design based on the elastic theory in which materials, concrete and steel are assumed to be stressed well below their elastic limit under the design loads. Working stressess (permissible stress) for the materials are determined by dividing the ultimate or yield stressess by suitable factor of safety values. Limit state method of design based on limit state concept, te structure shall be designed to withstand safely all loads liable to act on it throughout its life;It shall also satisfy the serviceability requirements, such as limitations on deflection and cracking. The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called a "limit state". The aim of design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that the structure will not become unfit for the use for which is intended, that is that it will not reach a limit state...
zerozeroConsistency limits and plasticityConsistency varies with the water content of the soil. The consistency of a soil can range from (dry) solid to semi-solid to plastic to liquid (wet). The water contents at which the consistency changes from one state to the next are called consistency limits (or Atterberg limits).Two of these are utilised in the classification of fine soils:Liquid limit (wL) - change of consistency from plastic to liquidPlastic limit (wP) - change of consistency from brittle/crumbly to plasticMeasures of liquid and plastic limit values can be obtained from laboratory tests.
Scoring methods vary by state and county, but in California the most recent inspection report must be made available upon request. Each county has its own form and format which its inspectors use for documentation.
No, excavating contractors do not have to be licensed by the state. However, state licensure usually means more experience and that they are insured.
The department of transportation is in charge of granting license for contractors in California. It is a little easier for in state residence than for out of state contractors. Here you go, follow the guidelines laid out by the state and you should be able to find what you need. http://www.cslb.ca.gov/GeneralInformation/library/FormsAndApplications.asp
limit state method
Yes we can use limit state design for water tank design....
working stress: in this a structure is designed by considering the stresses in its working condition..Limit state: In this the structure is designed by considering the stresses at different limit states. there are two limit states. ultimate limit state (situation in which structure collapse) and servicability limit state (situation in which cracks etc appears.)
Working stress method of design based on the elastic theory in which materials, concrete and steel are assumed to be stressed well below their elastic limit under the design loads. Working stressess (permissible stress) for the materials are determined by dividing the ultimate or yield stressess by suitable factor of safety values. Limit state method of design based on limit state concept, te structure shall be designed to withstand safely all loads liable to act on it throughout its life;It shall also satisfy the serviceability requirements, such as limitations on deflection and cracking. The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called a "limit state". The aim of design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that the structure will not become unfit for the use for which is intended, that is that it will not reach a limit state...
data required on size
The methods depend based on the type of structures. for eg. for water Retaining structures the Working stress method gives good life and for other structures which is not exposed to water, mostly limit state design works.
factor of safety
because by these method all loads are considered ,and the structure is designed to undergo these loads
The limit state method is advantageous because all the limit states are checked to ensure that they will survive future conditions such as structural stress. The limit state method ensures that the structures can withstand a lot of pressure and remain durable.
It is a constraint
Working stress method of design based on the elastic theory in which materials, concrete and steel are assumed to be stressed well below their elastic limit under the design loads. Working stressess (permissible stress) for the materials are determined by dividing the ultimate or yield stressess by suitable factor of safety values. Limit state method of design based on limit state concept, te structure shall be designed to withstand safely all loads liable to act on it throughout its life;It shall also satisfy the serviceability requirements, such as limitations on deflection and cracking. The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called a "limit state". The aim of design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that the structure will not become unfit for the use for which is intended, that is that it will not reach a limit state...
Limit state design