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What is base shear?
Base shear is an estimate of the maximum expected lateral force that will occur due to seismic ground motion at the base of a structure. Calculations of base shear (V) depend on:soil conditions at the siteproximity to potential sources of seismic activity (such as geological faults)probability of significant seismic ground motionthe level of ductility and overstrength associated with various structural configurations and the total weight of the structurethe fundamental (natural) period of vibration of the structure when subjected to dynamic loading
What is footing?
pad footing is the base of a column that transfers the load to the foundation.
What is an antonym for infrastructure?
base, footing, framework, groundwork, root, support, underpinning
What is the procedure of Construction of WBM road?
step 1-sight cleaning. step 2-excavation of sight. step 3-prepration of sub grade layer. step 4=prepration of base layer. step 5-prepration of base course.
What is the full form of CSBC related to road construction?
crushed surfacing base course (CSBC)
Made from large rocks and protects the base of cliffs?
This description is of a talus slope, which is a pile of broken rocks at the base of a cliff. Talus slopes are formed as rockfall debris accumulates over time. They help reduce erosion at the base of cliffs and provide habitat for plants and animals.
What is a cliff-base heap of rocks?
scree
During extensive frost wedging a large pile of rocks accumulates at the base of the cliff what is this pile called?
detrital slope
What is cliff retreat?
A cliff retreat is a form of natural erosion. Rocks in the face of the cliff are broken down by wind and water (rain, waves, etc). The material in the cliff is loosened, and parts of the cliff face collapse. Eventually, an entire section of the cliff will fall into the sea, meaning that the cliff edge has retreated. The pace of cliff retreat is determined by the strength of the rocks in the cliff face, more than the cliff's height. It also most often occurs where the base of the cliff is continually being saturated by water, weakening the rock further.
What would you expect to find at the bottom of a wave-cut cliff?
At the bottom of a wave-cut cliff, you would typically find eroded rocks, sediments, and debris that have been removed from the cliff face by wave action. This material can accumulate at the base of the cliff, forming a rocky beach or platform.
Why do cliffs retreat?
Cliffs retreat due to natural erosion processes such as weathering, gravity pulling rocks down, and the action of water and wind wearing away the cliff face. These erosion processes can cause the cliff to slowly retreat and change shape over time.
When waves cut large holes into the fractured or weak rock along the base of a sea cliff. what is formed?
When waves cut large holes into the fractured or weak rock along the base of a sea cliff, sea caves are formed. These are hollowed-out spaces within the cliff, created through the relentless force of the waves crashing against the rock over time.
What causes cliff collapse?
wind blowing at the edge of the cliff AND waves pounding the base of the cliff will cause a cliff to collapse
How did talus caves form?
Talus caves form when rocks pile up at the base of a cliff or slope, creating a gap between the rocks and the cliff face. Over time, erosion and weathering can widen and deepen this gap, creating a cave-like structure. Talus caves are typically found in areas with steep cliffs and loose rock material.
Where would you expect to find talus?
You would expect to find talus at the base of a cliff or steep slope. Talus consists of loose, fragmented rock debris that has accumulated from the erosion of the cliff or slope above. It often forms a slope of angular rocks and boulders created by gravity pulling the rock fragments downhill.
Why does a waterfall move from it original position?
As the water cascades over the top edge it erodes the rocks and they fall to the base of the cliff below. The top edge slowly moves upstream and the rate is dependent on the hardness of rocks in the river bed.
What erosion would most likely cause a collapse on a rocky cliff?
Waves pounding the base of the cliff.
