When the maximum stresses in steel and concrete simultaniously reaches allowable value the section is called balanced section when the %of steel in a section is less than that required for a balanced section it is under reinforced section when the %of steel in a section is more than that required for a balanced section it is over reinforced section
over reinforcement is as per section design I.e Ast1+Ast2>Ast Ast1+Ast2 An under-reinforced beam is one in which the tension capacity of the tensile reinforcement is smaller than the combined compression capacity of the concrete and the compression steel (under-reinforced at tensile face). When the reinforced concrete element is subject to increasing bending moment, the tension steel yields while the concrete does not reach its ultimate failure condition. As the tension steel yields and stretches, an "under-reinforced" concrete also yields in a ductile manner, exhibiting a large deformation and warning before its ultimate failure. In this case the yield stress of the steel governs the design. An over-reinforced beam is one in which the tension capacity of the tension steel is greater than the combined compression capacity of the concrete and the compression steel (over-reinforced at tensile face). So the "over-reinforced concrete" beam fails by crushing of the compressive-zone concrete and before the tension zone steel yields, which does not provide any warning before failure as the failure is instantaneous.
Under reinforced is that in which provided steel ratio is less than balanced steel ratio. Concrete beams are designed as under reinforced beams. The reason is that the failure start by yielding of steel instead of crushing of concrete. Mian Yaqoob
A lintel is over a window or door and a beam is usually under the structure of the building, either the roof or the floor.
section modulus of any section is the ratio of the moment of inertia to the distance of extreem fibre from the neutral axis. plastic section modulus is the section modulus when the cross section is subjected to loading such that the whole section is under yield load. numerically it is equal to the pdoduct of the half the cross section area and the distance of center of gravity of tension and compression area from neutral axis
If the raft foundation is subject to a uniform load (Water & oil Tanks ..etc) u may not be required to reinforce the floor, only a plain concrete or even well compacted earth is sufficient provided it 'll transfere the load safely i.e giving a pressure less than the allowable bearing capacity of the underlying soil. Only peripheral or ring beams of reinforced concrete is required under the tank walls. If the raft is supporting colmns/walls, then it's subject to knife loads & got to be reinforced.
M40 grade of concrete : is recommended in extreme exposure or when very heavy loads are to be carried (like pier of a bridge etc) Under extreme exposure - reinforced M40 grade concrete should have minimum cement = 360 kg/cubm. This can vary from 300 to 360 for exposures from mild to extreme. Plain M40 grade used under mild to extreme exposure has minimum cement content from 220 to 280 kg/cubm Other considerations like admixtures (fly ahs etc) and actual mix design is the best method of arriving at minimum cement contents.
Under Reinforced Section
A heading is like the name of a section. A caption is a description under a picture of what the picture is about.
Under reinforced is that in which provided steel ratio is less than balanced steel ratio. Concrete beams are designed as under reinforced beams. The reason is that the failure start by yielding of steel instead of crushing of concrete. Mian Yaqoob
There really is no difference
the difference between 17 and under 17 years old is that under means younger than 17 and 17 is just 17.
Consideration is an essential element of a legally binding contract where each party agrees to give or do something in exchange for something from the other party. In English law, consideration must be present for a contract to be enforceable, whereas in Indian law, a promise can be enforceable even without consideration under certain circumstances, such as promises made to close family members. Additionally, Indian law recognizes past consideration as valid consideration, while English law generally does not.
There's no difference their both under the Department of the Navy.
the difference between the third and over the third or under the third line is that they are difference
Concrete is usually reinforced by adding steel. The cost of reinforcing concrete depends with the given area under which the steel is placed to reinforce it.
Involuntary is not under your control while voluntary is.
no difference,cyanobacteria comes under eubacteria
population