Excavation means removing materials like soil and rock, to make a hole in the ground.
The short answer... excavation gets you to grade, over-excavation gets you below grade and is based on engineering requirements. The longer answer... In grading work there may be times when plans specify to cut or excavate to a particular elevation. There are other times when an over-excavation will be specified to remove unsuitable soils to a certain depth. So lets say that you are at a site where the native elevation is at 460' and plans call for finished grade at an elevation of 450' with an over-excavation of 5.' What this means is that you would excavate down 10' (from 460' to 450') and then over-excavate down an additional 5' (from 450' to 445') At that point the bottom of the over-excavated location will usually have x number of inches to be scarified, moisture conditioned and compacted to a certain percentage of the maximum dry density obtained in laboratory testing. The removed soil (aka: over-ex or OX) will then be replaced with suitable material in lifts of a specified thickness with an optimum moisture content and compacted to a particular percentage of the maximum dry density.
"Earthworks on leads" is a definition given to the process of the excavation and stockpiling process i.e. "Earthworks on leads" shall comprise of the excavation of material on the site to achieve design lines and levels detailed on the drawings and to cart, place and stockpile the excavated material in other locations on the site as designated by the Superintendent.
Setting out refers to examining the building plan. The outline of the excavation needs to be clearly understood, as does the center line of the walls.
Growth in the building of canals was made possible by advancements in engineering and construction techniques, which allowed for more efficient excavation and water management. The Industrial Revolution also played a crucial role, as it increased the demand for transportation of goods and raw materials. Additionally, the availability of financial investment and government support facilitated large-scale canal projects, making them feasible and economically viable.
The safe way to enter a deep excavation is to follow proper safety protocols, such as using a ladder or properly sloped access ramp, ensuring proper shoring or support systems are in place, and having a spotter or standby person outside the excavation. Workers should be trained on excavation safety and have appropriate personal protective equipment.
Quite simply, it's to keep the excavation (tunnel?) from shifting or collapsing.
The term that refers to using wooden structures or mechanical or hydraulic systems to support the sides of an excavation is "shoring." Shoring is employed to prevent soil collapse and provide stability during construction or excavation activities. The systems can include various materials and methods, such as timber shoring, steel shoring, or hydraulic shoring, depending on the excavation's depth and soil conditions.
It is undetermined. During excavation, they unearthed 45 feet (height) of ruins, so its at least that tall.
manual excavation
The abbreviation for "excavation" is "excav."
The suffix of "excavation" is "-tion".
That question has an answer that fills books. In a VERY brief answer, to have checked for underground hazards (wires, pipes) BEFORE starting to excavate, check for overhead hazards (powerlines) before starting, check for surface encumbrances (buildings, boulders, trees) that could be affected by the excavation- BEFORE starting. If a worker will enter an excavation more than 3 feet deep, a COMPETENT PERSON must inspect the excavation for hazards. The excavation must be protected from traffic, and from collapse. This is normally done by sloping, shoring or shielding.
Excavations should be battened back or stepped when the vertical face of the excavation exceeds a safe slope angle, typically 1:1 (45 degrees). This helps prevent collapses, cave-ins, and injuries. Battering or stepping the excavation face provides better stability, reducing the risk of accidents.
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Properly identify and mark underground utilities before excavating. Use safe digging practices, such as hand digging or hydro excavation. Ensure all workers have appropriate training and follow safety protocols. Monitor the excavation site for any signs of potential hazards, such as cave-ins or gas leaks.
Excavation is used to remove soil and rock from a site to create space for construction foundations, underground utilities, or other structures. It is a crucial step in the construction process as it allows for proper site preparation and ensures a stable and safe environment for building. Excavation can also uncover archaeological artifacts or important geological features.