It all depends on the state in which the accident happened as well as the type of accident.
No they won't. A learners permit is not a valid license. They shouldn't be driving without a licensed driver. The owner of the car can be held liable. They can be sued for allowing an unlicensed driver, drive their vehicle.
then your both screwed
It is possible that the insurance rate would go up if a permitted driver has an accident. Usually, raising insurance rates is not an individual decision.
Lawsuit if driver has an accident.
Your Insurance Rates will almost always "decrease" when you obtain your permanent Drivers License, barring any accident or tickets having accumulated while you had the learners permit.
No, there must be a licensed driver with the permit driver.
Allstate will not charge you for a driver with a learners permit for the first year.
No.
15 for a learners permit and 16 to drive by yourself
A full licence is, but a learner's permit is not.
You should consult your region's laws. Typically a driver with a learners permit requires a passenger in the front seat whom is capable of driving if the need arises.