Math formula? If you have a sliding fifth wheel and sliding tandems, then you move them as needed to get yourself legal... moving trailer tandems forwards takes weight off of the drive axles and transfers it to the trailer axles... moving trailer tandems back takes weight off the trailer axles and transfers it to the drive axles. Sliding a fifth wheel to the rear takes weight off your steer axle and transfers it to the drive axles... sliding a fifth wheel to the front takes weight off of your drive axles and transfers it to the steer axle. If you can't manipulate your weight this way, and be within bridge formula, then you either have it reloaded/have something taken off of the load, or you Dodge the scalehouses and hope that you don't run into portable scales.
See the related link to "Bridge Formula Weights Calculator". Although a set of tandem axles is allowed 34,000 lbs. on the Interstate, this is reduced when you get below a bridge length of 35 feet between the trailer and drive axles. If you don't want to measure out your distances between axles, at a minimum, you need to tag it for 67,000 GCWR.
If you have a sliding fifth wheel, you can transfer weight from the drive axles to the steer axle by sliding it forward, or you can transfer weight from the steer axle to the drive axles by sliding it back. If you have sliding tandems on your trailer, you can transfer weight from the drive axles to the trailer axles by sliding the trailer axles forward, or you can transfer weight from the trailer axles to the drive axles by sliding the tandem axles back. If you don't have these options, you have to readjust your load.
Normally there will be 5 or 6 axles. 1 steering axle 2drive axles and either 2 or 3 trailer axles.(Some states do allow more trailer axles.)
You take it to a scale and weigh it out. If you don't have something available like a Cat scale, which can give individual weights for each group of axles, you drive until the steer axle is on the scale, and get a weight reading from that. Then you pull forward until your drive axles are on the scale, and get a reading from that. Subtract the weight reading you got from your steer axle, and you've got the weight for your drive axles. Then you pull completely forward, until your trailer axles are on the scale, as well. At this point, you'll have your total weight. Subtract the previous weights (steer plus drive axle weights), and you'll have your trailer axle weight.
There isn't one. So long as the weights on each axle/set of axles are legal, that's all Barney cares about.
If one was looking to purchase trailer axles, there are a few places on can look. One can go down to a local trailer dealer and see what they have for a selection. If one is looking for a cheaper alternative, a local scrap yard may have trailer axles.
Steel.
It depends on what the freight is and what the trailer is. If it's vehicles, you typically drive them on and off. If you have a van trailer with sliding tandems, you would ideally want the weight distributed fairly evenly between your drive and trailer axles. If you had a trailer with spread axles, you would want more weight towards the trailer axles, since you're allowed 40,000 lbs. on a set of 10 ft. spread axles, as opposed to 34,000 lbs. on your drive axles.
What's typically referred to as an 18 wheeler has five axles - steer axle, two drive axles, two trailer axles. Tractor-trailer combinations can have less or more,, depending on the application.
Yes, but there could be a toll charge associated with that route. Tolls are based upon the number of axles and total weight. A car towing a trailer would have 3 axles at the minimum, 4 if the trailer has dual axles.
The question's a bit vague. If you're referring to distributing weight once you're loaded, it depends on what your trailer has for axles. If you have fixed tandems or a fixed spread axle, you would have to move the load itself. If you have sliding tandems, you can move them forward to shift weight from the drive axles to the trailer axles, or you can move them back to shift weight from the trailer axles to the drive axles. If you have a sliding fifth wheel, you can move that forward to shift weight from the drive axles to the steer axle, or you can move it back to shift weight from the steer axle to the drive axles.
The "tractor" is the vehicle which actually powers the combination. A semi-trailer is any trailer in which the weight of the trailer (and the payload) is shared between the trailer's axles and the axles of either a dolly or the towing unit (in contrast, a full trailer supports all of its own weight).