0
In computer terminology, MIPS stands for "Millions of Instructions Per Second" and is a gauge of the processing power of the computer system.
Wiki User
∙ 14y ago
Add your answer:
Earn +20 pts
What is the Mainframe Computer speed?
Most modern mainframe design is not so much defined by single task computational speed, typically defined as MIPS rate or FLOPS in the case of floating point calculations, as much as by their redundant internal engineering and resulting high reliability and security, extensive input-output facilities, strict backward compatibility with older software, and high hardware and computational utilization rates to support massive throughput. These machines often run for long periods of time without interruption, given their inherent high stability and reliability.
What is super computer?
A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance as compared to a general-purpose computer. The performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) instead of million instructions per second (MIPS). Since 2017, there are supercomputers which can perform over 1017 FLOPS (a hundred quadrillion FLOPS, 100 petaFLOPS or 100 PFLOPS).
What is a mainframe computer's processing power?
That depends on the mainframe. The processing power of a mainframe (also known as a "big iron") is measured in several ways: MIPS (millions of processes per second), FLOPS (floating point operations per second) and TEPS (traversed edges per second). However, supercomputers and mainframes are actually separate types of computer while Gameframes are an amalgamation of the two. Mainframes are typically used in fields of commerce, banking, inventory control, airline reservations, etc. Basically anything that involves large scale transaction processing (moving data from one place to another). Online networking and microprocessor servers have largely replaced the traditional mainframe however a modern mainframe is capable of up to 50 billion instructions per second. Supercomputers are way more powerful, and are used to predict weather, perform nuclear simulations and anything else that involves high-precision mathematics at high-speed. As of June 2012, Sequoia, the IBM BlueGene/Q system is the fastest supercomputer on the planet, measuring in at 16.32 petaflops (16,320 trillion FLOPS).
What are the causes and the effects of the computer revolution?
mga kupal kayo Hindi ko alam 2 kaya ko nga tinatanong ehHe/she said.... The kung you do not know 2 so i asked that ehDatePlaceEvent1950SepGERKonrad Zuse sells his Z4 machine to ETH Zurich.1950UKTuring Test - The British mathematician and computer pioneer Alan Turing published a paper describing the potential development of human and computer intelligence and communication. The paper would come later to be called the Turing Test.1950UKThe Pilot ACE computer, with 800 vacuum tubes, and mercury delay lines for its main memory, became operational on May 10, 1950 at the National Physical Laboratory near London. It was a preliminary version of the full ACE, which had been designed by Alan Turing.1950USATIME magazine cover story on the Harvard "Mark III: Can man build a superman?" includes a quote from Howard Aiken, commenting on "calculators" (computers) then under construction: "We'll have to think up bigger problems if we want to keep them busy."1951USAEDVAC becomes operational.1951Mar 30USAThe first commercially successful electronic computer, UNIVAC, was also the first general purpose computer - designed to handle both numeric and textual information. Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, whose corporation subsequently passed to Remington Rand. The implementation of this machine marked the real beginning of the computer era. Remington Rand delivered the first UNIVAC machine to the U.S. Bureau of Census. This machine used magnetic tape for input.1951Apr 21USAWhirlwind, the first real-time computer was built at MIT by the team of Jay Forrester for the US Air Defense System, became operational.This computer is the first to allow interactive computing, allowing users to interact with it using a keyboard and a cathode-ray tube. The Whirlwind design was later developed into SAGE, a comprehensive system of real-time computers used for early warning of air attacks.1951Nov 17UKJ Lyons, a United Kingdom food company, famous for its tea, made history by running the first business application on an electronic computer. A payroll system was run on Lyons Electronic Office (LEO) a computer system designed by Maurice Wilkes who had previously worked on EDSAC.1951AutumnUKThe oldest known recordings of computer generated music were played by the Ferranti Mark 1 computer.The Mark 1 is a commercial version of the Baby Machine from the University of Manchester. The music program was written by Christopher Strachey.1951USAEDVAC (electronic discrete variable computer). The first computer to use Magnetic Tape.EDVAC could have new programs loaded from the tape. Proposed by John von Neumann, it was installed at the Institute for Advance Study, Princeton, USA.1951AUSCSIRAC used to play music - the first time a computer was used as a musical instrument.1951USAThe A-0 high level compiler is invented by Grace Murray Hopper.1952USAIAS machine completed at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, USA (by Von Neumann and others).1953UKThe University of Manchester team complete the first transistorised computer.1953USAArthur Andersen was hired to program the payroll for General Electric (GE)'s Appliance Park manufacturing facility near Louisville, Kentucky. As a result, GE purchased UNIVAC I which became the first-ever commercial computer in the United States. Joe Glickauf was Arthur Andersen's project leader for the GE engagement.1953WorldEstimate that there are 100 computers in the world.1953USAMagnetic core memory developed.1954USAFORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), the first high-level programming language development, was started by John Backus and his team at IBMThe development continued until 1957. It is still in use for scientific programming. Before being run, a FORTRAN program needs to be converted into a machine program by a compiler, itself a program.1954USAThe NORC was built by IBM for the US Navy.1956USAFirst conference on Artificial Intelligence held at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire.1956USAThe Bendix G-15 computer was introduced by the Bendix Corporation1956NEDEdsger Dijkstra invented an efficient algorithm for shortest paths in graphs as a demonstration of the abilities of the ARMAC computer. The example used was the Dutch railway system. The problem was chosen because it could be explained quickly and the result checked. Although this is the main thing many people will remember Dijkstra for, he also made important contributions to many areas of computing - in particular he should be remembered for his work on problems relating to concurrency, such as the invention of the semaphore.1957USAFirst dot matrix printer marketed by IBM.1957USAFORTRAN development finished. See 1954.1957USAI have travelled the length and breadth of this country and talked with the best people, and I can assure you that data processing is a fad that won't last out the year.-Editor in charge of business books for Prentice Hall.1958USALISP (interpreted language) developed, Finished in 1960. LISP stands for 'LISt Processing'. Used in A.I. development. Developed by John McCarthy at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.1958Sep 12USAThe integrated circuit invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments.Robert Noyce, who later set up Intel, also worked separately on the invention. Intel later went on to perfect the microprocessor. The patent was applied for in 1959 and granted in 1964. This patent wasn't accepted by Japan so Japanese businesses could avoid paying any fees, but in 1989 - after a 30 year legal battle - Japan granted the patent; so all Japanese companies paid fees up until the year 2001 - long after the patent became obsolete in the rest of the World.1959USAComputers built between 1959 and 1964 are often regarded as 'Second Generation' computers, based on transistors and printed circuits - resulting in much smaller computers. More powerful, the second generation of computers could handle compilers for languages such as FORTRAN (for science) or COBOL (for business), that accepting English-like commands, and so were much more flexible in their applications.1959USACOBOL (COmmon Business-Oriented Language) developed by Grace Murray Hopper as the successor to FLOW-MATIC, finished in 1961.1959USSRMinsk mainframe computer development and production started in the USSR. Stopped in 1975.1960sDatePlaceEvent1960USA EURALGOL - first structured, procedural, programming language to be released.1960UKCompiler compiler - The first compiler compiler is released.1960SRBCER-10 - vacuum tube-based computer created by Mihajlo Pupin Institute of Serbia, first computer in SFRY.1961USAAPL programming language released by Kenneth Iverson at IBM.1962UKATLAS is completed by the University of Manchester team.This machine introduced many modern architectural concepts: spooling, interrupts, pipelining, interleaved memory, virtual memory and paging. It was the most powerful machine in the world at the time of release.1962USAWork started on the Linc, the brainchild of the M.I.T. physicist Wesley A. Clark in May 1961. It was the first functional prototype of a computer scaled down to be optimized and priced for the individual user. Used for the first time at the National Institutes of Mental Health in Bethesda, Maryland in 1963, many consider it to be the first personal computer.1962USASpacewar!, the first computer game is written by MIT student Steve Russell.The game ran on a DEC PDP-1, competing players fired at each others space ships using an early version of joystick.1962?The AN/UYK-1 computer was designed with rounded edges to fit through the hatch of Ballistic missile submarines, as part of the first Satellite navigation system, Transit.1963USAMouse conceived by Douglas EngelbartThe Mouse was not to become popular until 1983 with Apple Computer's Macintosh and not adopted by IBM until 1987 - although compatible computers such as the Amstrad PC 1512 were fitted with mice before this date.1964USAComputers built between 1964 and 1972 are often regarded as 'Third Generation' computers, they are based on the first integrated circuits - creating even smaller machines. Typical of such machines was the IBM System/360 series mainframe, while smaller minicomputers began to open up computing to smaller businesses.1964USAProgramming language PL/I released by IBM.1964USALaunch of IBM System/360 - the first series of compatible computers. Over 14,000 were shipped by 1968.1964USAProject MAC is started at MIT by J.C.R. Licklider:several terminals all across campus will be connected to a central computer, using a timesharing mechanism. Bulletin boards and email are popular applications.1964SRBCER-20 released by Mihajlo Pupin Institute of Serbia as "electronic bookkeeping machine".1965USADEC PDP-8 Mini Computer. The first minicomputer, built by Digital Equipment (DEC). It cost $16,000.1965USAMoore's law published by Gordon Moore. Originally suggesting processor complexity doubled every year.It was published in the 35th Anniversary edition of Electronics magazine. The law was revised in 1975 to suggest a doubling in complexity every two years.1965USAFuzzy logic designed by Lofti Zadeh (University of California, Berkeley), it is used to process approximate data - such as 'about 100'.1965USSRBESM-6 mainframe computer was designed in the USSR.1965USABASIC programming language (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) developed at Dartmouth College, USA, by Thomas E. Kurtz and John Kemeny.BASIC was not implemented on microcomputers until 1975. This was the first language designed to be used in a time-sharing environment, such as DTSS (Dartmouth Time-Sharing System), or GCOS.1965USAPacket switching, funded by ARPA was developed. This makes reliable computer networking possible.The first computer-to-computer login does not occur until November 21, 1969, between Stanford and UCLA.1965USAThe first supercomputer, the Control Data CDC 6600, was developed.1966USAHewlett-Packard entered the general purpose computer business with its HP-2115 for computation, offering a computational power formerly found only in much larger computers. It supported a wide variety of languages, among them BASIC, Algol, and FORTRAN.1966SRBCER-200 released by Mihajlo Pupin Institute of Serbia1967USADevelopment on the programming language Pascal started, to be finished in 1971. Based on Algol. Developed by Niklaus Wirth as a pedagogical tool.1967USAThe floppy disk is invented at IBM by David Noble,under the direction of Alan Shugart, for use with the System/370. License royalties are paid to Doctor Yoshiro Nakamatsu in Tokyo, who claimed he got the idea for the floppy disk in 1950.1967SRBCER-22 - first transistor-based computer created by Mihajlo Pupin Institute of Serbia, SFRY.1968USAIntel founded by Robert Noyce and a few friends.1968USALOGO programming language developed by Seymour Papert and team at MIT.1968USA"But what ... is it good for?"-Engineer at the Advanced Computing Systems Division of IBM commenting on the microchip.1968USADouglas Engelbart demonstrates interactive computing,at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco: mouse, on-screen windows, hypertext and full-screen word processing.1969USAARPANET started by the United States Department of Defense for research into networking.It is the original basis for what now forms the Internet. It was opened to non-military users later in the 1970s and many universities and large businesses went on-line.1969Apr 7USAThe first Request for Comments, RFC 1 published. The RFCs (network working group, Request For Comment) are a series of papers which are used to develop and define protocols for networking; originally the basis for ARPANET, there are now thousands of them applying to all aspects of the Internet. Collectively they document everything about the way the Internet and computers on it should behave, whether its TCP/IP networking or how email headers should be written there will be a set of RFCs describing it.1969?Introduction of the RS-232 (serial interface) standard by EIA (Electronic Industries Association), one of the oldest serial interfaces still in common use today.1969USAData General shipped a total of 50,000 Novas at $8000 each. The Nova was one of the first 16-bit minicomputers and led the way toward word lengths that were multiples of the 8-bit byte. It was first to employ medium-scale integration (MSI) circuits from Fairchild Semiconductor, with subsequent models using large-scale integrated (LSI) circuits. Also notable was that the entire central processor was contained on one 15-inch printed circuit board.1970sDatePlaceEvent1970 OctUSAFirst dynamic[citation needed] RAM chip introduced by Intel. It was called the 1103 and had a capacity of 1 K-bit, 1024 bits.1970USADevelopment of UNIX operating system started.It was later released as C source code to aid portability, and subsequently versions are obtainable for many different computers, including the IBM PC. It and its clones (such as GNU/Linux) are still widely used on network servers and scientific workstations. Originally developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie.1970USAForth programming language developed. A simple, clean, stackbased design, which later inspired PostScript and the Java virtual machine.1970JunUSASteve Geller, Ray Holt and a team from AiResearch and American Microsystems completed development of a flight data processor for the US Navy's F-14A Tomcat fighter jet. The processor used LSI chips to produce a fast, powerful, and rugged programmable computer that fitted into the very tight space restrictions of the aircraft.1970JunUSACTC creates the Datapoint 2200, a mass-produced programmable terminal. Its multi-chip CPU provided the basis for the Intel 8008; a monitor and tape drives were built-in, and the entire system fit the approximate footprint of an IBM Selectric typewriter. Users quickly began to use the system as a standalone computer; the unit is the earliest known which strongly resembles the personal computers of the 1980s and beyond.1971USARay Tomlinson develops the first program that can send email messages from one computer to another.1971Nov 15USAFirst microprocessor, the 4004, developed by a team at Intel, was released.It contains the equivalent of 2300 transistors and was a 4 bit processor. It is capable of around 60,000 instructions per second (0.06 MIPS), running at a maximum clock speed of 740 kHz.1971USATexas Instruments releases the first easily portable electronic calculator.1971SRBHRS-100, a hybrid computer system, released by Mihajlo Pupin Institute of Serbia1972USAAtari founded by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, (see also 1972).1972USAPong released - widely recognised as the first popular arcade video game. It was invented by Allan Alcorn.1972?Computers built after 1972 are often called 'fourth generation' computers, based on LSI (Large Scale Integration) of circuits (such as microprocessors) - typically 500 or more components on a chip. Later developments include VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) of integrated circuits 5 years later - typically 10,000 components. The fourth generation is generally viewed as running right up until the present, since although computing power has increased the basic technology has remained virtually the same.1972USAC programming language developed at The Bell Laboratories in the USA by Dennis Ritchie(one of the inventors of the Unix operating system), its predecessor was the B programming language - also from Bell. It is a very popular language, especially for systems programming - as it is flexible and fast. C was considered a refreshing change in the computing industry because it helped introduce structured programming. The successor to C, C++, was introduced in the 1980s, and in turn helped usher in the era of Object oriented programming.1972USAFirst handheld scientific calculator released by Hewlett-Packard, the engineer's slide rule is at last obsolete.1972Apr 1USA8008 microprocessor released by Intel.1972USAThe first international connections to ARPANET are established. ARPANET later became the basis for what we now call the Internet.1972NORNorsk Data launches the Nord-5, the first 32-bit supermini computer.1973USADevelopment of the TCP/IP protocol suite by a group headed by Vinton Cerf and Robert E. Kahn. These are the protocols used on the internet.1973FRAProlog developed at the University of Luminy-Marseilles in France by Alain Colmerauer. It introduced the new paradigm of logical programming and is often used for expert systems and AI programming.1973USAThe TV Typewriter, designed by Don Lancaster, provided the first display of alphanumeric information on an ordinary television set. It used $120 worth of electronics components. The original design included two memory boards and could generate and store 512 characters as 16 lines of 32 characters. A 90-minute cassette tape provided supplementary storage for about 100 pages of text.1973USAEthernet developed, this became a popular way of connecting PCs and other computers together - to enable them to share data, and devices such as printers. A group of machines connected together in this way is known as a LAN.1974?CLIP-4, the first computer with a parallel architecture.1974CANMCM/70, the first personal computer to be commercially released, by Micro Computer Machines in Canada. Although it incorporated a plasma display, was programmable in the high level language APL, and weighed just 20 pounds, it failed commercially.1974Apr 1USAIntroduction of the 8080. It ran at a clock frequency of 2 MHz and did 0.64 MIPS.1974USAMotorola announces the MC6800 8 Bit Microprocessor. It is more easy to implement than the 8080 because it only needs a single power supply to operate and does not need support chips. Unlike the 8080 it is sold not as much as a general purpose "number cruncher / computer" CPU core but more as a control processor for industrial control and as a peripheral processor.1974USAEngineers Chuck Peddle and Bill Mensch leave Motorola after completing work on the 6800 CPU and join MOS Technology, Inc.1974Oct 9UKICL launches its New Range of mainframes, the ICL 2900 Series1974DecUSAThe MITS Altair 8800, the third commercially available personal computer, is released. In December 1974, an article in Popular Electronics invited people to order kits for the computer. Despite the limited memory (256 bytes) and limited processing power, around 200 were ordered on the first day. 10,000 were shipped at a kit price of $397 each. The Altair bus later developed into an industry standard, the S-100 bus.1975USAFirst microcomputer implementation of BASIC by Bill Gates and Paul Allen, it was written for the MITS Altair - the first personal computer - this led to the formation of Microsoft later in the year.1975USAUnix marketed (see 1970).1975NORNorwegian company Mycron releases its MYCRO-1, the first single-board computer.1975USAFormation of Microsoft by Bill Gates and Paul Allen.1975USAMOS Technology, Inc. releases their 6501 CPU. which is pin compatible with Motorola's 6800, who soon starts a lawsuit against them. The 6501 is quickly withdrawn from sale and replaced with the 6502 which has a "lawsuit-compatible"[1] design, but is otherwise nearly identical to the 6501.The 6502 becomes one of the most popular CPUs for the next 10 years and is used in many computers and game consoles (most notably the Atari 2600, Apple II, the Commodore PET, VIC-20 and Commodore 64, the Acorn Electron/BBC Microcomputer, and the Nintendo Entertainment System/NES).1975USAIBM 5100 computer released; with integrated keyboard, display, and mass storage on tape, it resembles the personal computers of a few years later, although it does not use a microprocessor.1975NovUSAZilog is founded by ex-Intel employees.1976Apr 1USAApple Computer, Inc. founded, to market the Apple I single-board computer designed by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs.It uses the MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor.1976USAFirst laser printer introduced by IBM - the IBM 3800.The first colour versions came onto the market in 1988.1976USAIntroduction of the Intel 8085 chip. An improved version of the 8080, with a superset of the 8080s instruction set (only a couple of extra instructions). Single 5V power supply (while the 8080 needed several different voltages).1976USAZ80 chip released by Zilog. It was a superset of the 8080 chip with additional registers and instructions, and using only one power supply voltage. CP/M was originally written for the 8080, but many implementations used the Z80. The Z80 was the processor for home computers like the Tandy TRS-80 of 1977, the Sinclair ZX Spectrum of 1982 and many others.1976USAMOS Technology, Inc introduces the KIM-1 microcoputer system as a demonstrator for its 6502 CPU.1976USACray-1 supercomputer was invented by Seymour Cray.He left Control Data in 1972 to form his own company. This machine was known as much for its horseshoe-shaped design as it was for being the first super to make vector processing practical. 85 were shipped at a cost of $5 million each.1976USACommodore buys MOS Technology, Inc in a stock trade. MOS is valued at $12 million. Chuck Peddle joins Commodore as chief engineer. With the purchase of MOS, Commodore begins work on the Commodore PET.1977USACommodore introduces the Commodore PET. It comes with 4KB or 8KB of RAM, and an integrated cassette deck and 9" monochrome monitor.1977USA"There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home."-Ken Olsen, president, chairman and founder of Digital Equipment Corporation.1977Jun 5USAApple II computer introduced based on an 8 bit MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor running at 1 MHz microprocessor with 4 KB of RAM. It had an open architecture, used color graphics, and an audio cassette interface for loading programs and storing data. Later, in July 1978, a floppy disk drive was made available with an elegantly designed interface.[2] One of the first examples of a "killer app" (for the business world) was released for it-the VisiCalc spreadsheet program-in 1979.1977AugUSATandy brought out the TRS-80 with "Level I BASIC". Although the TRS-80 had a primitive 4K BASIC (a stripped down version of the public domain "Li-Chen Wang Basic") and abysmal graphics it still became a bestseller quickly.1977SepUSAHeathkit made the H8 Home computer kit available. It was based on an Intel 8080a processor and shipped with HDOS a Heathkit Disk Operating System and Benton Harbor BASIC. It was a kit.1978USATandy upgraded the TRS-80 with a much improved Microsoft 8K "Level II BASIC", and an "expansion interface" which added 32KB RAM, A floppy disk and a printer interface. With these extras the TRS-80 became a viable small business computer.1978Jun 8USAIntroduction of the 16-bit Intel 8086, the first x86 microprocessor. The available clock frequencies were 5, 8 and 10 MHz, with an instruction set of about 300 operations. At its introduction, the fastest 8086 available was the 8 MHz version which achieved 0.8 MIPS and contained 29,000 transistors. Over three decades later, x86 remains the most popular and commercially successful instruction set architecture in the history of personal computing.1978JAPThe Arcade Video game 'Space Invaders' is released, sparking a video game craze. In 1979, Atari's Asteroids would prove to be incredibly popular.1979USAAda programming language introduced by Jean Ichbiah and team at Honeywell for the US Department of Defense.1979Jun 1USAIntroduction of the Intel 8088, compatible with the 8086 with an 8-bit data bus - but this makes it cheaper to implement in computers. Chosen for the IBM PC, Intel processors were found in millions of IBM-PC compatible computers.1979UKCommodore PET released in the United Kingdom. Based on a 1 MHz 6502 processor it displayed monochrome text and had just 8 KB of RAM. Priced £569. For £776 you could purchase a version with 16 KB of RAM, while for £914 you could get a 32 KB of RAM.1979NEDJAPCompact disc was invented.1979USAThe 68000 Microprocessor launched by Motorola, the first of the 68k family. 5+ years later it was used in machines such as the Apple Macintosh, the Atari ST and the Commodore Amiga.1979USAShortly after the release of V7 Unix, which included UUCP, a protocol for communication over standard telephone lines, Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis created Usenet, a global discussion group system. Nowadays, it uses Internet protocols and is still popular.1979USAFour disgruntled Atari programmers leave and form Activision, the first third-party video game software publisher. Activision promotes both the game and the programmer, changing the way software is marketed.1979USAThe IBM PC. IBM saw its computer market dominance being eaten into by the new personal computers, such as the Apple II and the Commodore PET. IBM therefore started work on its own personal computer. When finished, this computer was released as the IBM PC on 12 August 19811979USATexas Instruments releases the TI-99/4 microcomputer. This system generally used audio cassettes to store information, along with ROM modules, similar to gaming units, to hold commercial software. Additionally, TI made available a speech synthesizer, based around their own chip, for the TI-99/4 and its successor, the 4A.
Basic and fully computer specifications for Pc computer and Mainframe computer?
Mainframe computerFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchFor other uses, see Mainframe.This article has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality. Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page. (July 2009) An IBM 704 mainframeMainframes (often colloquially referred to as Big Iron[1]) are computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and financial transaction processing.The term probably had originated from the early mainframes, as they were housed in enormous, room-sized metal boxes or frames.[2] Later the term was used to distinguish high-end commercial machines from less powerful units.Today in practice, the term usually refers to computers compatible with the IBM System/360 line, first introduced in 1965. (IBM System z10 is the latest incarnation.) Otherwise, large systems that are not based on the System/360 but are used for similar tasks are usually referred to as servers or even supercomputers. However, "server", "supercomputer" and "mainframe" are not synonymous (see client-server).Some non-System/360-compatible systems derived from or compatible with older (pre-Web) server technology may also be considered mainframes. These include the Burroughs large systems, the UNIVAC 1100/2200 series systems, and the pre-System/360 IBM 700/7000 series. Most large-scale computer system architectures were firmly established in the 1960s and most large computers were based on architecture established during that era up until the advent of Web servers in the 1990s. (Interestingly, the first Web server running anywhere outside Switzerland ran on an IBM mainframe at Stanford University as early as 1990. See History of the World Wide Web for details.)There were several minicomputer operating systems and architectures that arose in the 1970s and 1980s, but minicomputers are generally not considered mainframes. (UNIX arose as a minicomputer operating system; Unix has scaled up over the years to acquire some mainframe characteristics.)Many defining characteristics of "mainframe" were established in the 1960s, but those characteristics continue to expand and evolve to the present day.Contents[hide] 1 Description2 Characteristics3 Market4 History5 Differences from Supercomputers6 Statistics7 See also8 References9 External links// [edit] DescriptionModern mainframe computers have abilities not so much defined by their single task computational speed (usually defined as MIPS - Millions of Instructions Per Second) as by their redundant internal engineering and resulting high reliability and security, extensive input-output facilities, strict backward compatibility with older software, and high utilization rates to support massive throughput. These machines often run for years without interruption, with repairs and hardware upgrades taking place during normal operation.Software upgrades are only non-disruptive when Parallel Sysplex is in place, with true workload sharing, so one system can take over another's application, while it is being refreshed. More recently, there are several IBM mainframe installations that have delivered over a decade of continuous business service as of 2007, with hardware upgrades not interrupting service.[citation needed] Mainframes are defined by high availability, one of the main reasons for their longevity, because they are typically used in applications where downtime would be costly or catastrophic. The term Reliability, Availability and Serviceability (RAS) is a defining characteristic of mainframe computers. Proper planning (and implementation) is required to exploit these features.In the 1960s, most mainframes had no interactive interface. They accepted sets of punch cards, paper tape, and/or magnetic tape and operated solely in batch mode to support back office functions, such as customer billing. Teletype devices were also common, at least for system operators. By the early 1970s, many mainframes acquired interactive user interfaces and operated as timesharing computers, supporting hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously along with batch processing. Users gained access through specialized terminals or, later, from personal computers equipped with terminal emulation software. Many mainframes supported graphical terminals (and terminal emulation) by the 1980s (if not earlier). Nowadays most mainframes have partially or entirely phased out classic terminal access for end-users in favor of Web user interfaces. Developers and operational staff typically continue to use terminals or terminal emulators.[citation needed]Historically, mainframes acquired their name in part because of their substantial size, and because of requirements for specialized heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), and electrical power. Those requirements ended by the mid-1990s with CMOS mainframe designs replacing the older bipolar technology. In a major reversal, IBM now touts its newer mainframes' ability to reduce data center energy costs for power and cooling, and the reduced physical space requirements compared to server farms.[3][edit] CharacteristicsNearly all mainframes have the ability to run (or host) multiple operating systems, and thereby operate not as a single computer but as a number of virtual machines. In this role, a single mainframe can replace dozens or even hundreds of smaller servers. While mainframes pioneered this capability, virtualization is now available on most families of computer systems, though not to the same degree or level of sophistication.Mainframes can add or hot swap system capacity non disruptively and granularly, again to a level of sophistication not found on most servers. Modern mainframes, notably the IBM zSeries, System z9 and System z10 servers, offer three levels of virtualization: logical partitions (LPARs, via the PR/SM facility), virtual machines (via the z/VM operating system), and through its operating systems (notably z/OS with its key-protected address spaces and sophisticated goal-oriented workload scheduling,[clarification needed] but also Linux, OpenSolaris and Java). This virtualization is so thorough, so well established, and so reliable that most IBM mainframe customers run no more than two machines[citation needed]: one in their primary data center, and one in their backup data center-fully active, partially active, or on standby-in case there is a catastrophe affecting the first building. All test, development, training, and production workload for all applications and all databases can run on a single machine, except for extremely large demands where the capacity of one machine might be limiting. Such a two-mainframe installation can support continuous business service, avoiding both planned and unplanned outages.Mainframes are designed to handle very high volume input and output (I/O) and emphasize throughput computing. Since the mid-1960s, mainframe designs have included several subsidiary computers (called channels or peripheral processors) which manage the I/O devices, leaving the CPU free to deal only with high-speed memory. It is common in mainframe shops to deal with massive databases and files. Giga-record or tera-record files are not unusual.[4] Compared to a typical PC, mainframes commonly have hundreds to thousands of times as much data storage online, and can access it much faster.[citation needed] While some other server families also offload certain I/O processing and emphasize throughput computing, they do not do so to the same degree and levels of sophistication.Mainframe return on investment (ROI), like any other computing platform, is dependent on its ability to scale, support mixed workloads, reduce labor costs, deliver uninterrupted service for critical business applications, and several other risk-adjusted cost factors. Some argue that the modern mainframe is not cost-effective. Hewlett-Packard and Dell unsurprisingly take that view at least at times, and so do some independent analysts. Sun Microsystems also takes that view, but beginning in 2007 promoted a partnership with IBM which largely focused on IBM support for Solaris on its System x and BladeCenter products (and therefore unrelated to mainframes), but also included positive comments for the company's OpenSolaris operating system being ported to IBM mainframes as part of increasing the Solaris community. Some analysts (such as Gartner[citation needed]) claim that the modern mainframe often has unique value and superior cost-effectiveness, especially for large scale enterprise computing. In fact, Hewlett-Packard also continues to manufacture its own mainframe (arguably), the NonStop system originally created by Tandem. Logical partitioning is now found in many UNIX-based servers, and many vendors are promoting virtualization technologies, in many ways validating the mainframe's design accomplishments while blurring the differences between the different approaches to enterprise computing.Mainframes also have execution integrity characteristics for fault tolerant computing. For example, z900, z990, System z9, and System z10 servers effectively execute result-oriented instructions twice, compare results, arbitrate between any differences (through instruction retry and failure isolation), then shift workloads "in flight" to functioning processors, including spares, without any impact to operating systems, applications, or users. This hardware-level feature, also found in HP's NonStop systems, is known as lock-stepping, because both processors take their "steps" (i.e. instructions) together. Not all applications absolutely need the assured integrity that these systems provide, but many do, such as financial transaction processing.[edit] MarketIBM mainframes dominate the mainframe market at well over 90% market share.[5] Unisys manufactures ClearPath mainframes, based on earlier Sperry and Burroughs product lines. In 2002, Hitachi co-developed the zSeries z800 with IBM to share expenses, but subsequently the two companies have not collaborated on new Hitachi models. Hewlett-Packard sells its unique NonStop systems, which it acquired with Tandem Computers and which some analysts classify as mainframes. Groupe Bull's DPS, Fujitsu (formerly Siemens) BS2000, and Fujitsu-ICL VME mainframes are still available in Europe. Fujitsu, Hitachi, and NEC (the "JCMs") still maintain nominal mainframe hardware businesses in their home Japanese market, although they have been slow to introduce new hardware models in recent years.The amount of vendor investment in mainframe development varies with marketshare. Unisys, HP, Groupe Bull, Fujitsu, Hitachi, and NEC now rely primarily on commodity Intel CPUs rather than custom processors in order to reduce their development expenses, and they have also cut back their mainframe software development. (However, Unisys still maintains its own unique CMOS processor design development for certain high-end ClearPath models but contracts chip manufacturing to IBM.) In stark contrast, IBM continues to pursue a different business strategy of mainframe investment and growth. IBM has its own large research and development organization designing new, homegrown CPUs, including mainframe processors such as 2008's 4.4 GHz quad-core z10 mainframe microprocessor. IBM is rapidly expanding its software business, including its mainframe software portfolio, to seek additional revenue and profits.[6][7] IDC and Gartner server marketshare measurements show IBM System z mainframes continuing their long-running marketshare gains among high-end servers of all types, and IBM continues to report increasing mainframe revenues even while steadily reducing prices.[edit] HistoryThis section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008)Several manufacturers produced mainframe computers from the late 1950s through the 1970s. The group of manufacturers was first known as "IBM and the Seven Dwarfs": IBM, Burroughs, UNIVAC, NCR, Control Data, Honeywell, General Electric and RCA. Later, shrinking, it was referred to as IBM and the BUNCH. IBM's dominance grew out of their 700/7000 series and, later, the development of the 360 series mainframes. The latter architecture has continued to evolve into their current zSeries/z9 mainframes which, along with the then Burroughs and now Unisys MCP-based mainframes, are among the few mainframe architectures still extant that can trace their roots to this early period. That said, while they can still run 24-bit System/360 code, the 64-bit zSeries and System z9 CMOS servers have nothing physically in common with the older systems. Notable manufacturers outside the USA were Siemens and Telefunken in Germany, ICL in the United Kingdom, and Fujitsu, Hitachi, Oki, and NEC in Japan. The Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact countries manufactured close copies of IBM mainframes during the Cold War; the Strela is an example of an independently designed Soviet computer.Shrinking demand and tough competition caused a shakeout in the market in the early 1980s - RCA sold out to UNIVAC and GE also left; Honeywell was bought out by Bull; UNIVAC became a division of Sperry, which later merged with Burroughs to form Unisys Corporation in 1986. In 1991, AT&T briefly owned NCR. During the same period, companies found that servers based on microcomputer designs could be deployed at a fraction of the acquisition price and offer local users much greater control over their own systems given the IT policies and practices at that time. Terminals used for interacting with mainframe systems were gradually replaced by personal computers. Consequently, demand plummeted and new mainframe installations were restricted mainly to financial services and government. In the early 1990s, there was a rough consensus among industry analysts that the mainframe was a dying market as mainframe platforms were increasingly replaced by personal computer networks. Infoworld's Stuart Alsop famously predicted that the last mainframe would be unplugged in 1996.That trend started to turn around in the late 1990s as corporations found new uses for their existing mainframes and as the price of data networking collapsed in most parts of the world, encouraging trends toward more centralized computing. The growth of e-business also dramatically increased the number of back-end transactions processed by mainframe software as well as the size and throughput of databases. Batch processing, such as billing, became even more important (and larger) with the growth of e-business, and mainframes are particularly adept at large scale batch computing. Another factor currently increasing mainframe use is the development of the Linux operating system, which arrived on IBM mainframe systems in 1999 and is typically run in scores or hundreds virtual machines on a single mainframe. Linux allows users to take advantage of open source software combined with mainframe hardware RAS. Rapid expansion and development in emerging markets, particularly China, is also spurring major mainframe investments to solve exceptionally difficult computing problems, e.g. providing unified, extremely high volume online transaction processing databases for 1 billion consumers across multiple industries (banking, insurance, credit reporting, government services, etc.) All the largest Chinese banks now use IBM mainframes. Also, in late 2000 IBM introduced 64-bit z/Architecture and reinvigorated its mainframe software organization, developing hundreds of new mainframe software products in subsequent years. IBM also acquired numerous software companies with leadership in specific market segments, such as Cognos, and quickly introduced those software products to the mainframe. IBM has also been steadily reducing prices, taking advantage of increasing economies of scale and spurring additional demand. IBM's quarterly and annual reports in the 2000s reported increasing mainframe revenues and even faster increasing mainframe capacity shipments, with only a few brief interruptions prior to new model introductions. According to IDC, IT labor costs continued to rise in the 2000s, putting significant and increasing pressure on corporate budgets, and encouraging a shift toward the more labor-efficient centralized computing model, particularly mainframes. (IBM also focused on labor-saving product improvements.) In an ultimate irony, IBM credibly promotes its mainframes as the most space- and energy-efficient servers, just as many businesses are reaching data center expansion limits.[edit] Differences from SupercomputersThis section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008)The distinction between supercomputers and mainframes is not a hard and fast one, but supercomputers generally are used for problems which are limited by calculation speed, while mainframes are used for problems which are limited by input/output and reliability and for solving multiple business problems concurrently (mixed workload). The differences and similarities are as follows:Both types of systems offer parallel processing, although this has not always been the case. Parallel processing (i.e.,multiple CPUs executing instructions simultaneously) was used in supercomputers (e.g., the Cray-1) for decades before this feature appeared in mainframes, primarily due to cost at that time. Supercomputers typically expose parallel processing to the programmer in complex manners, while mainframes typically use it to run multiple tasks. One result of this difference is that adding processors to a mainframe often speeds up the entire workload transparently.Supercomputers are optimized for complex computations that take place largely in memory, while mainframes are optimized for comparatively simple computations involving huge amounts of external data. For example, weather forecasting is suited to supercomputers, and insurance business or payroll processing applications are more suited to mainframes.Supercomputers are often purpose-built for one or a very few specific institutional tasks (e.g. simulation and modeling). Mainframes typically handle a wider variety of tasks (e.g. data processing, warehousing). Consequently, most supercomputers can be one-off designs, whereas mainframes typically form part of a manufacturer's standard model lineup.Mainframes tend to have numerous ancillary service processors assisting their main central processors (for cryptographic support, I/O handling, monitoring, memory handling, etc.) so that the actual "processor count" is much higher than would otherwise be obvious. Supercomputer design tends not to include as many service processors since they don't appreciably add to raw number-crunching power. This distinction is perhaps blurring over time as Moore's Law constraints encourage more specialization in server components.Mainframes are exceptionally adept at batch processing, such as billing, owing to their heritage, decades of increasing customer expectations for batch improvements, and throughput-centric design. Supercomputers generally perform quite poorly in batch processing.There has been some blurring of the term "mainframe," with some PC and server vendors referring to their systems as "mainframes" or "mainframe-like." This is not widely accepted and the market generally recognizes that mainframes are genuinely and demonstrably different.[edit] StatisticsAn IBM zSeries 800 (foreground, left). 90% of IBM's mainframes have CICS transaction processing software installed.[8] Other software staples include the IMS and DB2 databases, and WebSphere MQ and WebSphere Application Server middleware.As of 2004[update], IBM claimed over 200 new (21st century) mainframe customers - customers that had never previously owned a mainframe.Most mainframes run continuously at over 70% busy. A 90% figure is typical, and modern mainframes tolerate sustained periods of 100% CPU utilization, queuing work according to business priorities without disrupting ongoing execution.[citation needed]Mainframes have a historical reputation for being "expensive," but the modern reality is much different. As of late 2006, it is possible to buy and configure a complete IBM mainframe system (with software, storage, and support), under standard commercial use terms, for about $50,000 (U.S.). The price of z/OS starts at about $1,500 (U.S.) per year, including 24x7 telephone and Web support.[9]In the unlikely event a mainframe needs repair, it is typically repaired without interruption to running applications. Also, memory, storage and processor modules of chips can be added or hot swapped without interrupting applications. It is not unusual for a mainframe to be continuously switched on for months or years at a stretch.[citation needed][edit] See alsoComputer types[edit] References^ "IBM preps big iron fiesta". The Register. July 20, 2005. http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/07/20/ibm_mainframe_refresh/.^ Ebbers, Mike; O'Brien, W.; Ogden, B. (2006). "Introduction to the New Mainframe: z/OS Basics" (pdf). IBM International Technical Support Organization. http://publibz.boulder.ibm.com/zoslib/pdf/zosbasic.pdf. Retrieved 2007-06-01.^ John Shedletsky (2007-11-20). "Setting the record straight on mainframe TCO". IBM. http://www-01.ibm.com/software/swnews/swnews.nsf/n/cres78cr4r?OpenDocument&Site=swzseries. Retrieved 2008-04-10.^ "Largest Commercial Database in Winter Corp. TopTen Survey Tops One Hundred Terabytes". Press release. http://www.wintercorp.com/PressReleases/ttp2005_pressrelease_091405.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-16.^ "IBM Tightens Stranglehold Over Mainframe Market; Gets Hit with Antitrust Complaint in Europe". CCIA. 2008-07-02. http://www.ccianet.org/artmanager/publish/news/IBM_Tightens_Stranglehold_Over_Mainframe_Market_Gets_Hit_with_Antitrust_Complaint_in_Europe.shtml. Retrieved 2008-07-09.^ "IBM Opens Latin America's First Mainframe Software Center". Enterprise Networks and Servers. August 2007. http://www.enterprisenetworksandservers.com/monthly/art.php?3306.^ "IBM Helps Clients Modernize Applications on the Mainframe". IBM. November 7, 2007. http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/22556.wss.^ "CICS-An Introduction" (PDF). IBM. ftp://service.boulder.ibm.com/software/htp/cics/PDF/cics_introduction.pdf. Retrieved 2006-10-22.^ "My Personal Mainframe?". The Mainframe Blog. http://mainframe.typepad.com/blog/2006/11/my_personal_mai.html. Retrieved 2006-11-30.[edit] External linksWikimedia Commons has media related to: Mainframe computersIBM eServer zSeries mainframe serversUnivac 9400, a mainframe from the 1960s, still in use in a German computer museumLectures in the History of Computing: Mainframes[hide] v • d • e Computer sizes Larger Super · Minisuper ·Mainframe · Mini · Supermini ·ServerMicro Personal · Workstation · Home ·Desktop · SFF (Nettop) · PlugMobilePortable / Desktop replacement computer · Laptop ·Subnotebook (Netbook, Smartbook) · Tablet (Ultra-Mobile PC) · Portable / Mobile data terminal · Electronic organizer · E-book reader · Pocket computer ·Handheld game console · Wearable computerPDAs / IAsHandheld PC · Pocket PC · Smartphone · PMPs · DAPsCalculatorsScientific · Programmable · GraphingOther Single-board computer · Wireless sensor network · Microcontroller · Smartdust ·NanocomputerRetrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer"Categories: Mainframe computersHidden categories: NPOV disputes from July 2009 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 | Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 | All pages needing cleanup | Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 | Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 | Articles needing additional references from July 2008 | Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2004 | All articles containing potentially dated statements | Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009ViewsArticleDiscussionEdit this pageHistoryPersonal toolsTry BetaLog in / create accountif (window.isMSIE55) fixalpha();NavigationMain pageContentsFeatured contentCurrent eventsRandom articleSearchInteractionAbout WikipediaCommunity portalRecent changesContact WikipediaDonate to WikipediaHelpToolboxWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkCite this pageLanguagesالعربيةAzərbaycanCatalàČeskyDanskDeutschΕλληνικάEspañolEuskaraFrançais한국어Bahasa IndonesiaItalianoעבריתລາວLatviešuLietuviųMagyarമലയാളംNederlands日本語‪Norsk (bokmål)‬PolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийSimple EnglishSlovenščinaSuomiSvenskaไทยУкраїнськаTiếng Việtייִדיש中文
MIPS stand for?
MIPS stands fro what?
When was MIPS architecture created?
MIPS architecture was created in 1981.
When was MIPS Technologies created?
MIPS Technologies was created in 1984.
What is the population of MIPS Technologies?
The population of MIPS Technologies is 2,010.
What is MIPS Technologies's population?
MIPS Technologies's population is 146.
What is a MIPS server?
A server built using MIPS processors.
Mips full form?
MIPS= Millions of Instructions per Second
How are MIPS and Intel architecture similar?
How does Intel architecture differ from mips
What is the full form of MIPS?
The fullform of MIPS is Million Instructions Per Seconds .
Is there any software for converting c into MIPS?
Try Microsoft Visual C++ it has the option to compile for MIPS.
In computing language what does MIPS stand for?
Acronym for million instructions per second. A old measure of a computer's speed and power, MIPS measures roughly the number of machine instructions that a computer can execute in one second. However, different instructions require more or less time than others, and there is no standard method for measuring MIPS. In addition, MIPS refers only to the CPU speed, whereas real applications are generally limited by other factors, such as I/O speed. A machine with a high MIPS rating, therefore, might not run a particular application any faster than a machine with a low MIPS rating. For all these reasons, MIPS ratings are not used often anymore. In fact, some people jokingly claim that MIPS really stands for Meaningless Indicator of Performance.Despite these problems, a MIPS rating can give you a general idea of a computer's speed. The IBM PC/XT computer, for example, is rated at ¼ MIPS, while Pentium-based PCs run at over 100 MIPS.
What is the abbreviation for MIPS in Programmable system on chip?
the abbreviation for MIPS in Programmable system on chip is MEGA INSTRUCTIONS PER SECOND........
