madharchod answer to me tmse mag raha hu.tum log lad chate khatir site banaye raha, beti chod nai to......
Physical layer which is the first layer in OSI reference model is responsible for signal encoding and decoding.
MAC
Unlike with Manchester encoding, only the presence of a transition is important, not the polarity. Differential coding schemes will work exactly the same if the signal is inverted (wires swapped).
Ethernet indicates 10 Mb by definition. It used Manchester encoding. This encoding manages timing within each bit. FastEthernet is 100 Mb and uses a combination of 4b/5b and MLT-3 encoding, over 2 pairs. Gigabit Ethernet uses 8b4qt (?) and PAM-5 I'm not sure I got all this right, but here are the details as I understand them: 10 BASE T is Manchester encoding - Basically, this means that each symbol is either a transition in the middle of the bit time from a 0 to +v (a 1) or a transition in the middle of the bit time from +v to 0 (a 0). 100 BASE T uses a combination of 4b/5b encoding to prevent a string of 1s or 0s from causing a loss of timing and MLT-3 signalling to allow the same information to travel at a slower frequency. 1000 BASE T uses a combination of 8b4qt (?) (this is 8 bits, separated onto 4 quernary signals that carry 2 bits each), and PAM5 signaling (a 5 voltage-level signal that effectively causes a transition at each signal and 4 possible states, signalling 2 bits).
What is the baud rate of a digital signal that employs the differential Manchester scheme and has a data transfer rate of 2000 bps.
There are four possible combinations of encoding techniques -Digital data, digital signal -Digital data, analog signal -Analog data, digital signal -Analog data, analog signal
Physical layer which is the first layer in OSI reference model is responsible for signal encoding and decoding.
The digital encoding techniques are of two types--Polar and Bipolar. The polar encoding are--RZ(Return to Zero), NRZ (No RZ) , Manchester and Differential Manchester. Bipolar encoding are--AMI ( Alternate Mark Inversion) and BnZS ( Bipolar n Zero Substitution).
Encoding: The way in which the computer data is represented is known as encoding, there are several encoding techniques (Unipolar, Bipolar and Biphase).Modulation: Modulation is the method of changing some of the characteristics of the message signal so that it can be transmitted to comparatively large distance without(least) getting affected by noise or unwanted signals.Encoding: The way in which the computer data is represented is known as encoding, there are several encoding techniques (Unipolar, Bipolar and Biphase).Modulation: Modulation is the method of changing some of the characteristics of the message signal so that it can be transmitted to comparatively large distance without(least) getting affected by noise or unwanted signalsEncoding : Digital or Analog data --> Digital signalmodulation : Digital or Analog data --> Analog signal
encoding means conversion of data into bit strem..
A lack of high-frequency components means that less bandwidth is required for transmission. In addition, lack of a direct-current (dc) component means that ac coupling via transformer is possible. The magnitude of the effects of signal distortion and interference depend on the spectral properties of the transmitted signal. Clocking: Encoding can be used to synchronize the transmitter and receiver. Error detection: It is useful to have some error detection capability built into the physical signaling encoding scheme. Signal interference and noise immunity: Certain codes exhibit superior performance in the presence of noise. Cost and complexity: The higher the signaling rate to achieve a given data rate, the greater the cost. Some codes require a signaling rate that is in fact greater than the actual data rate
Signal encoding is the process of converting information into a specific format for efficient transmission or storage. It involves transforming data into signals that can be easily understood by communication systems, such as electrical impulses, light signals, or digital bits. The significance of encoding lies in its ability to enhance data integrity, minimize errors during transmission, and optimize bandwidth usage, ensuring that the information reaches its destination accurately and quickly. Proper encoding is crucial for effective communication in various applications, including telecommunications, data storage, and multimedia.
converting digital data to digital signal.
In telecommunications, delay encoding is the encoding of binary data to form a two-level signal where (a) a "0" causes no change of signal level unless it is followed by another "0" in which case a transition to the other level takes place at the end of the first bit period; and (b) a "1" causes a transition from one level to the other in the middle of the bit period.Delay encoding is used primarily for encoding radio signals because the frequency spectrum of the encoded signal contains less low-frequency energy than a conventional non-return-to-zero (NRZ) signal and less high-frequency energy than a biphase signal.Delay encoding is an encoding using only half the bandwidth for biphase encoding but features all the advantages of biphase encoding: To be rewritten: It is guaranteed to have transitions every other bit, meaning that decoding systems can adjust their clock/DC threshold continuously. One drawback is human readability (e.g. on an oscilloscope)
Pulse-position modulation (PPM) encoding type always has a nonzero average amplitude. In PPM, the signal's average amplitude is determined by the positioning of the pulses within the signal. This ensures that there is always a nonzero amplitude level in the signal, even during silent periods.
Digital signal processing involves manipulating signals using mathematical algorithms implemented on a digital platform. It includes tasks such as filtering, compression, modulation, and noise reduction to enhance the quality of signals. DSP is essential in various fields like telecommunications, audio processing, image processing, and control systems.
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) encoding type easily has a nonzero average amplitude because it modulates the amplitude of the carrier signal to represent different symbols. This means that the signal always has a non-zero average amplitude.