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In amplitude modulation, modulation depth refers to the ratio of the unmodulated carrier amplitude to the amplitude deviation for which the modulated carrier wave reaches its minimum value. If this minimum value is zero, the modulation depth is 100%.

For amplitude modulation,modulation depth = (a-b)/(a+b),

wherea is the unmodulated carrier amplitude, and

b is the minimum amplitude deviation.

The modulation depth ratio is also referred to as the modulation index.

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