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Different CPU designs use many different pipelining models with varying numbers of stages. The more stages, the more powerful your CPU is likely to be, but it is also much more complicated to design. Typical stages go like this:

1. Calculate next execution address (often just incrementing the address pointer, and not needing a separate pipeline stage)

2. Fetch instruction

3. Decode instruction

4. Calculate operand address(es)

5. Fetch operands

6. Perform operation.

Some of these stages may be absorbed into a single step.

If an instruction in the pipeline is conditional (such as branch if zero), the condition may not be known for a while, because the calculation that produces it can be still in the pipeline when the result is needed. Then the pipe has to be "stalled" until the test can be completed (inefficient!) or a guess is made as to the outcome and if it later turns out wrong then the pipe has to be cleared and some of the instructions re-executed. This is very messy!

In a modern CPU this is further complicated by such things as cache memory where recently used instructions and data are kept to save having to fetch them from main memory, also pre-fetch which gets several extra instructions from memory ready to be executed when needed. Hyper-threading can also be provided; broadly, this looks for execution cycles that can't be used because the pipeline is stalled, and runs a different program to take advantage of the spare time. It looks a bit like a second CPU with 30% or so of additional performance.

So the answer to your question is: it depends on the CPU, but typically the first stage is to fetch the next opcode from memory

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Q: What is the first stage in a typical four-stage CPU pipeline?
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Different CPU designs use many different pipelining models with varying numbers of stages. The more stages, the more powerful your CPU is likely to be, but it is also much more complicated to design. Typical stages go like this: 1. Calculate next execution address (often just incrementing the address pointer, and not needing a separate pipeline stage) 2. Fetch instruction 3. Decode instruction 4. Calculate operand address(es) 5. Fetch operands 6. Perform operation. Some of these stages may be absorbed into a single step. If an instruction in the pipeline is conditional (such as branch if zero), the condition may not be known for a while, because the calculation that produces it can be still in the pipeline when the result is needed. Then the pipe has to be "stalled" until the test can be completed (inefficient!) or a guess is made as to the outcome and if it later turns out wrong then the pipe has to be cleared and some of the instructions re-executed. This is very messy! In a modern CPU this is further complicated by such things as cache memory where recently used instructions and data are kept to save having to fetch them from main memory, also pre-fetch which gets several extra instructions from memory ready to be executed when needed. Hyper-threading can also be provided; broadly, this looks for execution cycles that can't be used because the pipeline is stalled, and runs a different program to take advantage of the spare time. It looks a bit like a second CPU with 30% or so of additional performance. So the answer to your question is: it depends on the CPU, but typically the first stage is to fetch the next opcode from memory


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