In the NIC. MAUs have tranceivers but aren't used on 100BASE-TX networks.
I would say an ethernet extender/booster/repeater.
to split the Internet between different computers or to make it wireless if it is a wireless router
You would want to move to a Gigabit network. This will require a switch capable of Gigabit speeds, network cabling capable of Gigabit speeds (Cat 5e for example), and a network interface on a computer that is also Gigabit rated. Most modern switches are Gigabit rated (even inexpensive soho switches).
In a PC there is three pieces of hardware that could give you Network and/or internet connectivity. In most modern computers, the motherboard contains an Ethernet connection, so no hardware installation would be required, except for of course the motherboard itself. You would however how to install the network drivers for the ethernet on the motherboard for it to work. For motherboards without an Ethernet slot, you can buy a PCI or PCI-E network card, which contains an Ethernet port. Lastly, you could get a PCI or PCI-E wireless card, which could give you a wireless internet connection.
The software needed to set up a WAN network include a router of some sort to have network connectivity. Additionally, software would be needed on every computer that would be connected to the WAN network.
You would need the ethernet card can handle gigabit network traffic cable.
If you ever plan to connect your laptop to a wired network, you will need an ethernet adapter. If you never plan to plug it in to a network or if you will always use wireless, an ethernet adapter is not necessary.
The 'Ether' part of Ethernet denotes that the system is not meant to be restricted for use on only one medium type, copper cables, fibre cables and even radio waves can be used. Fast Ethernet Network was developed as an upgrade to traditional Ethernet Networking. Fast Ethernet improved traditional Ethernet by increasing transfer rates 10 times, from 10 Megabit to 100 Megabit speed. Gigabit Ethernet Network is an upgrade on Fast Ethernet Network equivalent to Fast Ethernet Networks improvement over Fast Ethernet Network, offering speeds of 1000 Megabits (1 Gigabit) Cisco have a good document with diagrams and a reasonable amount of depth that answers your questions on 10/100/1000 Ethernet. See related link. Ethernet card would be 10Mbps (mega bauds per second) Fast Ethernet card would be 100Mbps. Most ethernet cards sold today are Fast Ethernet or better. Look for the 100Mbps or the 10/100Mbps specification. The only difference between the both is the speed. Hence both cards are basically the same using the same technology except the fast Ethernet card can run on 10/100mb/s, an astonishing speed. Original 10Base2, 10Base5 and 10baseT Ethernet (thin coaxial cable, thick coaxial cable and twisted pair, respectively) specifications offered a 10Mbit/second throughput (data transfer rate). Although 1 Byte is 8 bits, 10Mbits in practice doesn't mean 1.25MBytes/second, because there's some extra information transferred. On average it can be seen as a ~1MByte/second link speed. Then new standards appeared, some of them exotic (like 100VG AnyLan), but the new Ethernet standard was 100baseTX, which used twisted pair (like 10baseT, but with slightly higher quality requirements - Category 5 cable). It has been called Fast Ethernet, as it offered 100Mbit/sec transfer speed, a 10-fold improvement. Usually all the network equipment can talk both 10baseT and 100baseTX (for example network switches have "10/100" ports). But this was not enough - then came a next speed-up: the 1000baseTX, still running on twisted pair, but with even higher cable quality requirements, offering 1000Mbit/s transfer speed, thus called Gigabit Ethernet: 1000 Mega = 1 Giga.
I would say an ethernet extender/booster/repeater.
Either connect via a wireless network, connect through a 3G network or connect your laptop with an ethernet cable.
Your best bet would be to install a network card. If that works, just disable the onboard network port in device manager.
Plug in one end of the Ethernet cables into the computer and the other end into either another computer or into an Ethernet switch with other computers connected the same way. Then set up you network settings according to your needs. Easiest way would be to connect all the computers into a router and have it control the network.
This is assuming that there is no outside access to the Ethernet network such as a Internet connection. If there were then firewalls would be needed to prevent a outside intrusion of the network. In addition to physical access security, a wireless network requires authentication and encryption to prevent unauthorized devices from connecting to the wireless network or capturing and decoding the data that is being transferred via a wireless network connection. If the wireless network has outside WAN access then you would also need firewalls as with the Ethernet network.
to split the Internet between different computers or to make it wireless if it is a wireless router
Ethernet devices are identified by their MAC address, not an IP address. If their were no MAC address incorporated into the device then it is not following the rules define for the ethernet protocol. It would not be an ethernet network adapter or it would be a defective ethernet network adapter. As the LANs are designed for arbitrary network layer protocols, not just IP, so if the adapters are assigned with IP addresses rather than MAC addresses, than it will be difficult for adapters to support other network layers. Even if the adapters use entire network layer addressing schemes, they will need to be reconfigured every time they are powered up. So it is imperative to use neutral MAC address independent of network layer addressing schemes in order to ensure better performance of network.
Physical layer devices would be a hub or a repeater to connect multiple Ethernet segments together.
Repeaters are usually used in coaxial based ethernet networks. For this purpose they are used to extend the length of a network segment. For example, in a 10base2 ethernet network the maximum length of a segment is 180 meters. A repeater could join two segments together to increase the length of the network and the number of clients in the network. In today's modern networks you will see neither coaxial networks nor repeaters in a LAN. Repeaters are used for DSL transmissions, but not for LANS.