no
No, most programs have no access at all to hardware. They call device drivers through the OS to perform input and output. These device drivers are custom written to access the hardware for the device they control. Modern computers use privileged instructions that cause an error if a user program tries to execute them to access hardware. The device drivers have the privilege to execute these instructions and access hardware.
-Huge kernel size -only privileged ones can access and manage system resources -applicants are forced to use implementation of these privileged ones -bound to imperfect for specific appliaction needs
Thuyen Nguyen has written: 'Advanced Programmer's Guide to Presentation Manager' 'Advanced programmer's guide to OS/2' -- subject(s): OS/2 (Computer file)
If you're an experienced C++-programmer, they it is easy to use, even if you are not making an OS.
Resources are the responsibility of the operating system (OS). The programmer can request resources from the OS, but must release them to the system as soon as they are no longer required. As such, the programmer must manage the resources required by the program.
Application Programming Interface (API) is a set of functions, objects, protocols or datastructures for the support of application development for developers/programmers. It is actually a kind of function definition which specifies how to make available of a specific service of the system/OS. The API's are available from library or from Operating system itself. Whenever a programmer need a specific service from OS, he/she can use appropriate API to do that.Processes in a system are run in different modes, process run in user mode have no access to the privileged instructions. If they want perform any privileged instructions or need of any services they request kernal for that service through System Calls. System calls are made by way of software interrupt. This is actually a request for the service whereas API is a function description that can be used by the programmer for his programs, its like a tool used to obtain a specific task in his programs.A system call is generally made by an application programme to the operating system.this instruction interrupts the current executing programme and transfers control to the interrupt routine.The contents of the executing programme are saved.After the interrupt routine finishes its function,control is transferred back to the executing programme.
Howard Fosdick has written: 'The best book of OS/2 database manager' -- subject- s -: Database management, OS/2 - Computer file - 'Structured PL/I programming' -- subject- s -: Automation, Computational linguistics, Libraries, PL/I - Computer program language -, Structured programming 'Best Book of OS/2 Data Base Management' 'Rexx Programmer's Reference - Programmer to Programmer -'
Advantage of semaphore is simplicity. Disadvantage of semaphore is more prone to programmer error. It does not guarantee that if programmer misplace the P and V then it will also work correctly. It may occur deadlock or violation of mutual exclusion due to programmer error.
insert CD and follow the instructions
The first computer Operating System was CP/M. CP/M was created by a programmer called Gary Kindall in 1976 and laid the blueprint for popular OS's like DOS and Windows.
Using drivers.
Bill Gates was the key programmer of DOS and Windows OS Platform which contributed in the growth of PC. Today lots of companies and businesses exists because of Windows OS platform.