You don't Shell files/programs are not compiled. If you want to run a process through 'vi' then use the ':!' 'ex' command to shell out and execute it.
Turbo C cannot compile native Linux binaries, only programs for MS-DOS. MS-DOS applications can be run on Linux through a variety of methods, including DOSEMU, DOSBox, QEMU, Bochs, and VirtualBox.
You can write them in whatever directory you want. You need to compile them with your kernel, however.
You don't. The compiler is used to compile programs, not edit them. Most source code can be edited using a standard text editor.
The 2 operating systems are different from each other. Linux programs aren't meant to work in Windows most of the time. If you want to run Linux programs in Windows, install cygwin, and compile them from source code.
Linux generally comes installed with the free gcc compiler. MacOSX does too. But when you compile a program with gcc, it runs on the platform under which it was compiled. Therefore, programmers on OSX that need to deliver a Linux binary need to use gcc's cross-compiler mode to produce Linux binaries.
The primary drawback to Linux would be software incompatibility. Many programs that run on Windows or Macs do not have Linux versions and therefore cannot be used in Linux (ex. games). However, there are typically programs of similar function available in Linux. Furthermore, some programs can run through a Windows compatibility layer called WINE. Not all programs are so fortunate though and dual-booting may be the only option
There's no specific training or certification necessary to write programs for Linux. Anyone who knows C, for instance, can write programs and compile them, just as they would on any other platform. If you meant a Linux kernel developer, there's no formal qualifications. Just submit any patches to a current developer. If you continue to submit good code and start your own git tree, more people will likely pull from you.
You can if you really want to! But, most Linux software is already compiled and ready to be downloaded and installed. Note that Linux is the kernel from which many distributions (distos) branch out - Ubuntu, Linux Mint are but two examples.
Adobe does make a few programs available for Linux, namely Adobe Flash Player and Adobe Acrobat Reader. Adobe does not make programs like Adobe Flash or Photoshop available for Linux, and recent versions of these programs do not work in Wine.
You can have as many compiled kernels in your Linux installation as you want (disk space is your limit). However, you can only boot one kernel at a time.
Yes, through Wine (wine is not an emulator, it's a compatibility layer) you can run Windows programs, (including WoW and other games) on linux.
In linux: cc -W -Wall -pedantic -g -o average average.c