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Older "computers" using relay technology tended to be spread out, the results of one operation "cascading" down to the next relay and so on. this is how the calculators worked using a mechanical relay design. Instructions to these had to be at a very low level and were difficult to program. Many of the older computers used "breadboards" with many jumper wires to determine the path of the cascading depending on the results of an operation. Some computers were built to solve specific problems with specific inputs and producing specific outputs. One of the earliest computers was used to calculate artillery trajectories only.

The central processing unit design provided a standard "language" to input information, process it and get the results. This frees people to develop better input and output devices which worked as long as they communicated with the CPUvia its standard requirements. It also made it possible to upgrade the CPU since it had a standard software and hardware interface to the rest of the computer.

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