software
A hub is a layer 1 network device (hardware), and the 'web' is a software concept implemented by different protocols and multiple devices.
TCP/IP protocols are implemented by software, except for the bottom physical layer, which is implemented in hardware.
A firewall operates at the network layer of a computer system, typically positioned between the internal network and external networks, such as the internet. It can be implemented as hardware, software, or a combination of both, filtering incoming and outgoing traffic based on predefined security rules. Firewalls can be found in routers, dedicated appliances, or as software applications on individual devices, protecting against unauthorized access and threats.
access, distibution and core
its a gnaja khuri ware
Layer 3 network addresses are logical addresses and can be easily changed by software.
Controls the hardware devices and media that make up the network
yes, they are more easily implemented here without having a negative impact on the performance on the network data traffic.
drivers
by the layer hierarchy that is made by the software and hardware . ex: two lan card has a well known system to recognize the packets and process it . and give the reslut to the pc. and by the herarchy . mean ( the protocols ) they will connect and communicate with each other .
The Application Layer is responsible for interfacing a user network request from an application via an API (application Program Interface) with the network stack. This allows an application to not have to know anything about how to do network functionality; it can merely request the network software to do something without worrying about the details.
the first two layers of OSI model i.e. physical layer & data link layer are involved in hard ware installation.