routers
Yes, they are devices that operate at different layers of the OSI model for networking.
OSI
In the early 1980s, the International Standards Organization (ISO) developed the Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model, which was defined in ISO standard 7498-1, to standardize the way devices communicate on a network. This model has seven layers In the early 1980s, the International Standards Organization (ISO) developed the Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model, which was defined in ISO standard 7498-1, to standardize the way devices communicate on a network. This model has seven layers
Devices that operate across the OSI model's seven layers include routers, switches, and firewalls. Routers function primarily at Layer 3 (Network) by directing data packets between networks, while switches operate mainly at Layer 2 (Data Link) to facilitate communication within a local area network. Firewalls can work at multiple layers, inspecting traffic and enforcing security policies across Layer 3 and Layer 4 (Transport), and sometimes even higher layers. Additionally, gateways can operate at all layers, translating between different network protocols.
The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection. The answer to the question which layer of the OSI model are layers capable of functioning is at all layers.
There is no single standard that defines just the first three layers of the OSI model. The OSI model itself is not a single standard either, but a combination of multiple standards. The answer you are looking for however, is the X.25 standard for data transmission used in packet switching networks.
the first two layers of OSI model i.e. physical layer & data link layer are involved in hard ware installation.
The egg is like a model of the layers of the Earth. (see layers of the ... The egg shell will represent the thin outer layer of the Earth called the crust.
John Patterson knows
International Standards Organization (ISO) developed a proposal for OSI model as a first step towards international standardization of the protocols used in the various layers. The model is known as the ISO OSI (Open Systems Interconnection).The OSI model includes seven layers
Hubs and repeaters operate at the Physical Layer of the OSI Model. The Physical Layer is the first layer of the OSI Model.
The seven layers of the OSI model.