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What are the Differences between program invisible registers and program visible registers?
The programming model of the 8086 through the Pentium II’s considered to be program visible because its registers are used during application programming and are specified by the instructions. Other registers, detailed later in this chapter, are considered to be program invisible because they are not addressable directly during applications programming, but may be used indirectly during system programming. Only the 80286 and above contain the program-invisible registers used to control and operate the protected memory system.
What is a program visible register?
the registers that are used during programming and are specified directly by the instructions.
What is program-visible registers?
Program-visible registers are a set of registers in a CPU that can be accessed and manipulated directly by software programs. These registers typically store data, addresses, or control information that the program needs during execution. Their visibility allows for efficient data handling and faster execution, as operations can be performed directly using these registers rather than accessing slower memory. In contrast, some registers are internal or reserved for the processor's own operations and are not directly accessible by programs.
Does memory hold program instructions and data immediatley before or after the registers?
yes
Why are programme counter and stack pointer register 16 bit registers?
The program counter (PC) and stack pointer (SP) registers are 16-bit registers in the 8085 and in the 8086/8088 because that is how Intel designed the processors.
What is program visible register?
the registers that are used during programming and are specified directly by the instructions.
List three different types of registers included in the CPU?
Three different types of registers included in the CPU are: General-purpose registers: These are used for a wide range of tasks, including arithmetic operations and temporary data storage during program execution. Special-purpose registers: These include registers like the program counter (PC), which tracks the address of the next instruction to execute, and the instruction register (IR), which holds the current instruction being processed. Status registers (or flags registers): These store information about the state of the CPU, such as the results of arithmetic operations (e.g., zero or carry flags) and control information for branching or interrupt handling.
What are Base and Limit registers?
Base and Limit registers are hardware registers used in computer systems to define the memory range that a program can access. The Base register stores the starting memory address of a program, while the Limit register stores the size of the memory range that the program can access relative to the base address. This mechanism helps prevent programs from accessing memory outside of their allocated range, enhancing system security and stability.
Write a note on control status registers and program status word?
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What is the difference between caller save and callee save registers in terms of their impact on program performance and efficiency?
Caller save registers are saved and restored by the calling function, while callee save registers are saved and restored by the called function. Caller save registers can lead to faster function calls but may require more instructions to save and restore values. Callee save registers can lead to slower function calls but may result in better overall program efficiency by reducing the need for saving and restoring values frequently.
When interrupts occur which registers are pushed and popped from the stack?
The registers that are pushed and popped from the stack during interrupt servicing depend on the processor architecture and whether or not a specific register is used by the service routine. Automatically pushed and popped registers include the program counter, flags, and (often) the accumulator. Manually pushed and popped registers include any others that are used, i.e. modified, by the routine. Some programmers push and pop all registers, but that can be unnecessary and wasteful (of time) if some registers are not modified.
2 Explain the register Organization of Zilog 28000?
Z8000 consists of sixteen 16-bit general purpose registers, which can be used for data, address and indexing. The designers of this machines felt that it was useful to provide a regularized, general set of registers than to save instruction bits by using special purpose registers. Further the way the functions are assigned to these registers is the responsibility of the programmer. There might be different functional breakdown for different applications.A segmented address space 7-bit is used. It uses 7-bit segment number and a 16-bit offest. It uses two registers to hold a single address. There are two other registers called stack pointers that are necessary for stack module. One register used for system mode and one for normal mode.Z8000 consists of five other registers that are related to program status. Two registers hold the program counter and two registers hold the address of a program status area in the memory. A 16-bit flag register called Flag control word holds various flags status and control bits.
