Addresses, Numbers, Characters, Logical Data (source: Computer Organization and Architecture, William Stallings)
The 8086 microprocessor differentiates between an opcode and an operand primarily through the instruction format, where the opcode is always specified first, followed by the operands. The opcode indicates the operation to be performed, while the operands represent the data or addresses on which the operation will act. The instruction's length is variable, and the processor uses specific bits in the instruction to determine the types and sizes of operands, allowing it to interpret the instruction correctly. Additionally, the opcode itself can include information about the addressing mode, further aiding in the distinction between opcodes and operands.
The Intel 8086/8088 is not a 32 bit machine. It is a 16 bit machine. It has 72 instruction types.
The machine cycle, also known as the instruction cycle, typically consists of four main stages: fetch, decode, execute, and store. During the fetch stage, the CPU retrieves an instruction from memory. In the decode stage, the instruction is interpreted to understand what actions are required. The execute stage carries out the instruction, and finally, the store stage saves the results back into memory.
Each mnemonic maps directly to a machine instruction code, known as an opcode. Some mnemonics map to more than one opcode, however the instruction's operand types will determine which specific opcode will be generated.
Source and result operands can be in one of four areas:• Main or virtual memory: As with next instruction references, the main or virtual memory address must be supplied.• Processor register:With rare exceptions, a processor contains one or more registers that may be referenced by machine instructions. If only one register exists,reference to it may be implicit. If more than one register exists, then each register is assigned a unique name or number, and the instruction must contain the number of the desired register.• Immediate: The value of the operand is contained in a field in the instructionbeing executed.• I/O device: The instruction must specify the I/O module and device for the operation.If memory-mapped I/O is used, this is just another main or virtualmemory address.
bytes integers long integers short integers word double word strings
Instruction execution in a computer involves several key operations: Fetch: The CPU retrieves an instruction from memory, using the program counter to determine the address of the next instruction. Decode: The fetched instruction is then interpreted by the control unit to determine the required action and the operands involved. Execute: The actual operation (arithmetic, logic, or control) is performed by the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) or other processing units. Write-back: The results of the execution are written back to memory or registers, updating the system's state for subsequent instructions.
RISC - Reduced Instruction Set Computer CISC - Comples Instruction Set Computer
The two major types of MPUs are CISCs (complex instruction set computing) and RISCs (reduced instruction set computing).
The two types of instruction execution are pipelining and not pipelining. Pipelining involves breaking down instruction execution into multiple stages that can overlap, improving efficiency. Not pipelining involves executing one instruction at a time without overlapping stages.
Typical Types - 1929 was released on: USA: June 1929
The numbers that a computer adds together in a list are referred to as "operands." In the context of addition, operands are the values being summed. They can be integers, floating-point numbers, or any numeric data types that the computer can process.