Transport layer .....
The transport layer provides flow control and sequencing.
physical layer
In the transport layer of the OSI model, sequence numbers are primarily associated with the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Sequence numbers are used to ensure the correct order of data segments and to facilitate reliable data transmission by allowing the receiver to reassemble the data in the correct sequence. Each byte of data in a TCP segment is assigned a unique sequence number, which helps in tracking the data flow and managing retransmissions in case of packet loss.
Data Link Layer
presentation layer
Layer 2 - The Data Link Layer Layer 2 of the OSI model provides error-detection capability
Network Layer This layer addresses the data. It adds an IP address which allows our data to flow across networks. The protocols involved in this layer are IP and IPX. Data Link Layer This layer provides the functional and procedural means to transfer data. It also corrects any errors that may occur in the Physical layer. The protocols used at this layer are media access control and logical link control.
Data Link
The layer that provides transparency of data between the client and server is the application layer in the OSI model. It allows applications to communicate over a network without needing to understand the underlying complexities of the network architecture. This layer ensures that data is formatted and delivered correctly, enabling seamless interaction between clients and servers.
The application layer.
Flow control is primarily managed at the Transport layer (Layer 4) of the OSI model. This layer ensures that data is transmitted reliably and in the correct sequence, using mechanisms like acknowledgments and windowing to manage data flow between sender and receiver. Protocols such as TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) implement these flow control techniques to prevent overwhelming the receiving device.
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) works at the transport layer and provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of data between hosts. It establishes a virtual circuit through a three-way handshake process, ensuring that data packets are transmitted in sequence and without loss. TCP is widely used for applications requiring high reliability, such as web browsing and email.