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  1. The first integrated circuit chip was invented by Jack Kilby working at Texas Instruments in 1958. However it was made of germanium and although it integrated all the components into one chip, the interconnections between them had to be made individually by hand under a microscope. The first prototype integrated circuit he produced was a one transistor analog RC oscillator.
  2. The first practical integrated circuit chip was invented by Robert Noyce working at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1959. It was made of silicon and using Fairchild's new planar process developed for making individual transistors, integrated not only all components but also the interconnections; as well as passivating the chip making hermetic sealed packages unnecessary, permitting the use of cheaper plastic packages. The first prototype integrated circuit he produced (in early 1960) was a four transistor Direct Coupled Transistor Logic (DCTL) flip-flop.
  3. The first commercially available microprocessor integrated circuit was invented by Federico Faggin, Marcian "Ted" Hoff, and Masatoshi Shima working at Intel in 1971.
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