variations in data transmission needs to be synchronized to show consistency and completeness of the total system requirement
In data communication, signals refer to the variations in physical quantities that carry information over a medium. These signals can be analog or digital, with analog signals representing data as continuous waves and digital signals encoding data in discrete binary values. The transmission of these signals enables the exchange of information between devices over various channels, such as wired or wireless networks. Effective signal transmission is crucial for ensuring data integrity and communication reliability.
noise
Electromagnetic waves can carry data by modulating the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the wave to encode information. This modulation scheme allows for the transmission of data signals through variations in the electromagnetic wave, which can be demodulated and decoded at the receiving end to retrieve the original information.
emf? (electromagnetic field interference)
Noise
Transmission channels are defined as paths through which electrical signals can pass through. It may be in form of a physical cable.
The process of maintaining one operation in step with another. In data transmission sender and receiver should be synchronized at the bit level. Means that sender's and receiver's clock must be synchronized. This is done by physical layer Kanwar
In a data communication system, key tasks include signal generation, where data is converted into signals for transmission; transmission, which involves sending these signals over a communication medium; and reception, where the signals are captured and converted back into usable data. Additionally, error detection and correction mechanisms are essential to ensure data integrity during transmission. Finally, proper protocol management is crucial for ensuring that different devices communicate effectively and understand each other.
PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) and SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) are two different systems for transmitting digital signals over telecommunication networks. In PDH, signals are transmitted at fixed multiples of the basic data rate, resulting in slight timing variations between signals. In contrast, SDH uses a standardized synchronous timing system, allowing for more efficient and reliable data transmission with fixed frame structures.
The hardware used to convert the digital signals of a computer to signals that can be transmitted is called a modem (modulator-demodulator). It converts digital data from the computer into analog signals for transmission over telephone lines or cable systems. Additionally, network interface cards (NICs) and routers can also play a role in this process by facilitating data transmission over local networks and the internet.
Detect and accept signals -Pass on to Data Link layer -Set data transmission rate -Monitor data error rates
passive