The exine, the outer layer of the pollen grain, should be hard to protect the delicate genetic material inside from environmental stresses, such as UV radiation, desiccation, and microbial attack. A tough exine ensures that the pollen can survive the journey to the stigma of a compatible flower, which is crucial for successful fertilization and reproduction. Additionally, a hardened exine aids in the dispersal of pollen by wind or animals, ensuring that it reaches appropriate locations for germination.
what is endothecium
In botany 'exine' is the outer coat, or the outer layer, of the wall of a pollen grain. It is composed of a durable organic polymer
The three parts of a pollen grain are the exine (outer layer), intine (inner layer), and the cytoplasm containing the male gametes. The exine is composed of sporopollenin and helps protect the pollen grain during transportation and fertilization.
Sporopollenin is complex compound present in the exine of pollen grains. As such, it can be extracted from pollen grains.
The exine of a pollen grain is not a continuous layer because it has openings called germ pores or colpi, which allow for the entry of pollen tubes during fertilization. These pores are necessary for the reproductive success of the plant as they facilitate the transfer of genetic material from the male gametophyte to the female reproductive structures.
Sporoderm is the outermost protective wall around the pollen grain or microspore. It is made up of many layers. The two main layers are Exine and Intine. Exine is outer while Intine is inner layer of sporoderm.
No, a bagel should not be hard.
you do hard work to get something good out of it
That space should be at least one inch and the inner frame of the hard hat should be secure and adjusted accordingly.
depending how hard she likes, and what mood she is in
More minerals in hard water
Yes because it is hard