You use granulated sugar unless otherwise noted.
Regular granulated sugar is used most often but some recipes also call for brown sugar.
Granulated sugar shouldn't be used as a substitute where powdered sugar is specified in a recipe; granulated sugar will be too coarse.
Granulated sugar is the regular table sugar people use on a daily basis, although technically the term "granulated sugar" could refer to sugar which is derived from beet roots. Raw sugar is a byproduct of the refining of sugarcane to obtain regular sugar. You can certainly substitute one for another in cooking, however, you should not substitute them for another in baking, since the size and texture of the products are different, and that can affect baking results.
Go back to the old ways, honey, syrups (maple, corn syrup, cane), also brown sugar.
Not unless the cake recipe specifically calls for icing sugar. Granulated sugar has a specific weight to measured volume and will provide that specific quantity and sweetness to the cake. Icing sugar has a different weight to volume, different texture and a different level of sweetness. It is important to use the specific ingredient called for in the recipe being followed in order to obtain the proper result.
Granulated sugar
Yes, you can substitute white granulated sugar for cane sugar, since most sugars do come from cane. The important thing is to use granulated (not powdered), and to use white if that's what's called for, and to use brown sugar if that's what's called for.
Yes you can, but you'll have to use more because of its texture so use 2 cups powdered sugar for every 1 cup granulated sugar. Powder sugar is just granulated sugar that has been spun for a smoother texture. It is usually used for frostings or such.
You should be able to substitute granulated sugar doe castor sugar without any significant detriment to the resulting product.
Yes you could, BUT demerara sugar is less refined than granulated sugar and will therefore impart a molasses like taste and a brown colour to the product being baked when using it. This is good in some cases (eg a fruit cake) but not desirable in others (eg a Victoria sandwich).
Confectioner's Sugar (powdered sugar) has a completely different consistency and quality than granulated sugar. You cannot substitute one for the other.
yes yes