Caraway seeds or cumin seeds can be used as substitutes for ajwain seeds in a recipe.
You can use mustard seeds, fennel seeds, or cumin seeds as substitutes for fenugreek seeds in a recipe.
Carom seeds are called "Ajwain" or "Ajwain seeds" in Bangla, which is written as "অজwain" (অজোয়ান). They are commonly used as a spice in cooking and have various health benefits. In Bengali cuisine, ajwain is appreciated for its unique flavor and digestive properties.
Pickles or gherkins can be used as a substitute for cornichons in a recipe.
Green tomatoes can be used as a substitute for tomatillos in a recipe.
Gelatin can be used as a substitute for agar powder in a recipe.
Butter or margarine can be used as a substitute for shortening in a recipe.
You can use ground coriander, chili powder, or a combination of paprika and ground fennel seeds as substitutes for cumin powder in a recipe.
Artichoke hearts can be used as a substitute for hearts of palm in a recipe.
Basil leaves can be used as a substitute for shiso leaves in a recipe.
Cremini or button mushrooms can be used as a substitute for chestnut mushrooms in a recipe.
Ground sassafras leaves can be used as a substitute for gumbo file in a recipe.
Lemon juice or vinegar can be used as a substitute for tamarind puree in a recipe.