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Baking soda is made from pure sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO_3.

Baking powder is baking soda with one or more acid salts added, to generate CO2 when it comes into contact with liquid. It usually contains some starch, as well, to keep it from hardening. Most baking powder sold today is "double-acting", meaning it contains two acid salts:

  • Potassium bitartrate (cream of tartar) or monocalcium phosphate. These react with the baking soda as soon as the powder gets wet.
  • Sodium aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminum phosphate or sodium acid pyrophosphate. These react with the baking soda when the mixture is heated.

The combination of low-temperature and high-temperature acid salts ensures that CO2 is generated throughout the baking process, not just when the batter is first mixed. So, baking powder has least two, and usually three, active ingredients.

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