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Convicts in Australia were often tasked with growing crops such as wheat, maize, barley, and potatoes for their own sustenance and to supply the settlements. They were also involved in livestock farming and clearing land for agricultural purposes.

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What did the convicts do?

The convicts literally built the colony. They constructed the buildings, roads and bridges and quarried the stone for building as well as cutting down the trees. They established the first farms and crops, and tended the livestock. Some convicts were assigned as servants or tradesmen to free settlers. Other, educated convicts were given work that suited their education; for example, one of Australia's most famous convicts was the architect Francis Greenway.


What do slaves and convicts have in common?

Slaves and convicts are both individuals who have been deprived of their freedom. Slaves are forced into unpaid labor against their will, while convicts are incarcerated as punishment for committing a crime. Both groups historically have faced severe oppression and exploitation.


Which colony was mostly inhabited by convicts?

It was the first European colony in Australia, at Sydney in 1988. The English established the colony in order to relocate the convicts from the overcrowded prisons in England. In spite of their heritage, many of the Australians of today are honest people. The convicts were not the first settlers: the original Australians had already been there for maybe 50,000 years.


What happened to the convicts when their sentence was over in Australia?

A sentence for a convict sent to Australia could be many years in length. Because of reasons such as good behaviour, some convicts were given a "ticket of leave". These individuals were still watched however, as some convicts had a tendency to reoffend. They were required to report in regularly to the authorities. While on their ticket-of-leave, they were permitted to work for a living in a trade. After a further period of good behaviour, these convicts were given a "free pardon", meaning they could start their own trade, business, or take up land which may have been allocated to them and use it for farming or crops. Some even became Constables for the colony (for example John Smith). Some of Australia's convicts became great pioneers in their field. Francis Greenway, for example, had trained as an architect prior to his sentence, and his work can be seen in some of the old, gracious buildings still standing in Sydney today. George Howe had a background in printing; he published Australia's first regular newspaper. Convicts rarely, if ever, returned to England, as Australia held much better opportunities for them.


What were some punishments the convicts got if they misbehaved?

Convicts who misbehaved could be subjected to floggings, solitary confinement, hard labor, or restraints. They could also have their rations reduced or face longer periods of imprisonment. In extreme cases, convicts could be transported to more remote penal colonies or have their sentence extended.