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Where in the body are tropomyosin isoforms found?
Primarily tropomyosin isoforms are found in muscle tissue, but it is also present in smaller amounts in organs, tissue, veins, etc. Depending on the individual the concentration of these isoforms will be present in different areas of the life-form.
What is the consequence of alternative splicing of identical mRNA transcripts?
Alternative splicing can result in the production of multiple protein isoforms from a single gene, increasing the functional diversity. It can regulate gene expression by producing different mRNA isoforms with varying stability and translation efficiency. Additionally, alternative splicing can contribute to cell differentiation, development, and disease progression by generating protein variants with distinct functions.
How many myosin heavy chain isoforms?
There are several myosin heavy chain isoforms, with over 40 distinct types identified in various species, including humans. These isoforms are classified into different types based on their function and expression in specific muscle fibers, such as slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscles. Myosin heavy chain isoforms play a crucial role in muscle contraction and adaptation to different physiological demands. The exact number can vary between species and muscle types.
Where is the receptor for progesterone located?
Classical nuclear progesterone receptor (nPR) exists as two main protein isoforms (types of protein from a single gene) PR-A and PR-B. Progesterone is a steroid hormone allowing diffusion through the lipid membrane of mammalian cells. Therefore nPR-A and B are located in the cytoplasm. They move to the nucleus after ligand (progesterone) binding to control gene expression. Literature also exists to suggest that progesterone receptors exist at the cell surface, both alternative isoforms of nPR and structurally unrelated mPR proteins from a different gene.
How does the differential transcript usage impact gene expression regulation in cells?
Differential transcript usage affects gene expression regulation by determining which parts of a gene are transcribed into RNA. This can lead to the production of different protein isoforms, influencing the function and behavior of cells.
What is a gene isoform?
Different transcripts of a gene. A single gene may have various "forms" -- often times certain exons will be included or excluded which produce slightly different protein structures but it's still considered to be the same gene.
What is meant by one gene one peptide?
The concept of "one gene, one peptide" states that each gene typically codes for one specific protein or peptide. This means that the information encoded in a single gene is responsible for producing one specific functional product. However, alternative splicing and post-translational modifications can lead to the production of multiple protein isoforms or variants from a single gene.
How does alternative splicing work in the process of gene expression?
Alternative splicing is a process in gene expression where different combinations of exons (coding regions) within a gene can be included or excluded from the final messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript. This allows a single gene to produce multiple protein isoforms with different functions.
What is the purpose of alternative splicing in eukaryotic cells and how does it contribute to genetic diversity and protein functionality?
Alternative splicing in eukaryotic cells allows a single gene to produce multiple different forms of a protein by selectively including or excluding certain exons during mRNA processing. This process increases genetic diversity by generating different protein isoforms from the same gene, which can have distinct functions and regulatory properties. This enhances the complexity and functionality of proteins in cells, allowing for greater adaptability and specialization in biological processes.
Can exons be spliced out during the process of gene expression?
Yes, exons can be spliced out during the process of gene expression through a mechanism called alternative splicing. This process allows different combinations of exons to be included or excluded from the final mRNA transcript, resulting in the production of multiple protein isoforms from a single gene.
Can a single protein have multiple genes?
Yes. A protein produced by multiple genes are cased by fusion genes. Usually a protein is translated from a mRNA which is transcribed from a DNA. After transcription, RNA is rearranged by so-called RNA splicing in which some of short sequences are selected(Exon) or deleted(Intron). During the splicing two different genes can join together and it is called trans-splicing. After trans-splicing, mRNA is translated into a protein, so the protein has two genes. Most cases these fusion genes are oncogenes which cause Cancerous diseases.
What are all the advantages of two dimensional electrophoresis?
Two-dimensional electrophoresis allows for separation of proteins based on both charge and size, providing higher resolution compared to one-dimensional electrophoresis. This technique can detect a wider range of proteins in a sample and is useful for identifying post-translational modifications. Additionally, it can be used to compare protein expression levels between different samples.
