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There are a lot of factors that come into play: nutrient quality of the grasses, forage conversion ability of the cow, climate, topography, soil, type of grasses being grazed, time of year, stage of grass growth, stage of life cycle of cow (pregnant and dry, pregnant and lactating, lactating), age of cow, etc. Putting all those factors together, cattle can get fat on grass because that grass contains most of the necessary nutrients (except for water and some minerals that needs to be supplied by a separate mineral supplement) that the microbes in the cows' rumens need to feed the cow and maintain her health and well-being. Grass that is growing often contains enough protein, energy, calcium, phosphorus and other nutrients to feed the microbes which feed the cow and which puts weight on a cow.


However, cattle who are on grass all the time aren'tnecessarilyfat. Since they tend to live to eat instead of eating to live, the energy, protein and other nutrients in the grass that the cattle don't need right away are simply stored as fat. The other thing that makes cows look "fat" on grass is how big their bellies get when on grass. This is simply the case of the rumen being large enough to digest all that roughage being eaten, which is a fairly good indicator of forage conversion ability.


Grass quality is the determinant of a cow's ability to gain or maintain her weight. Higher quality in grasses is needed for lactating cows with calves, as well as first-calf heifers and growing steers and bulls. The more marginal quality grasses are suitable for dry pregnant cows, since these grasses don't put more weight on the cows, nor does it make them loose it.


It should be interesting to note that not all cows get fat on grass. Dairy cows such as Holsteins or Jerseys that are raised predominantly in a confined feeding operation and selected to gain weight or milk readily on pre-determined rations that are fed to them often will lose condition or starve to death on grass that is considered by beef producers to be "good quality." Genetics plays a big role in a cow's ability to "do well" on grass. Thus if dairy cows are taken straight off a "factory farm" and put on grass and expected to do well on it--or better on it than what they were raised on in the conditions they were so "cruelly" kept in--it would come to a huge and very saddening surprise to find that those dairy cows will need to be heavily supplemented with grain or other high-quality feed otherwise they will literally starve to death.

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