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Clara Barton (1821-1912) was the driving force behind the establishment of an American branch of the International Red Cross, which had been founded in Switzerland in 1863 as the "International Committee for Relief to the Wounded." A trained nurse, Barton had worked in the US Patent Office, then volunteered to work in Union field hospitals during the Civil War. She had been placed in charge of hospitals for the Army of the James, and after the war operated the Office of Missing Soldiers.

On May 21, 1881, Barton and 14 others established the American Red Cross in Washington, DC. The first local office was at a Lutheran church in Danville, Illinois.

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